Joints

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Joints

• Types of joints and their movement

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What you need to know

• Different types of joint action in relation to
  physical activity and the locations of each joint
  involved.
• Types of freely movable joints (hinge, gliding,
  ball and socket, condyloid and pivot)
• Range of movement at a joint
• Basic functions of cartilage and ligaments

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Joints

• A joint is where two or more bones meet.
• The bones are joined together across a joint by
  ligaments.
• They mostly meet to allow movement, or to protect
  vital organs.
• Flexibility is related to the range of motion at
  a joint.

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Types of freely movable joint

• There are 5 main types of joint.
• Each has a different action due to its shape.
• They are hinge, ball and socket, pivot, gliding
  and condyloid.

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Knee

• Hinge Joint
• Allows movement in two planes forwards and
  backwards.
• Small amount of rotation

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Ankle

• Hinge and gliding
• Forwards and backwards movement
• Some sideways movement and rotation

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Neck

• Pivot
• Rotates and tilts the head

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Wrist

• Condyloid or gliding
• Allows forwards and backwards movement
• Some sideways movement

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Elbow

• Hinge
• Movement forwards and backwards
• A small amount of rotation

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Shoulder

• Ball and socket
• Full rotation
• Allows the greatest movement

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Fingers

• Hinge
• Allows forwards and backwards movement

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Hip

• Ball and Socket
• Rotation
• Allows a lot of movement

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Range of movement
Adduction Bring the body part towards the centre
(ADDING)
Abduction Take the body part away from the
centre (ABDUCT)
Extension Increase the angle between bones at a
joint
Flexion Reduce the angle at a joint
Rotation No change to the angles, but joint
moves in circular direction
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Components of a joint

• Joints are held together by ligaments.
• Ligaments are tough, fibrous bands of fibres that
  are elastic.
• The ligaments limit the amount of movement
  available at a joint.

• A synovial joint is a freely movable joint.
• All synovial joints have the same
  characteristics
• They all have a synovial membrane, synovial fluid
  and synovial capsule.
• Examples are the knee, hip, shoulder, etc.

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Other types of joint

• Joints can be considered to be freely movable
  (synovial), slightly movable or immovable.
• Slightly movable joints can be found between the
  vertebrae and the carpels where a small amount of
  movement is necessary.
• Immovable joints are fused joints that no longer
  allow movement, e.g. in the cranium and sacrum.
• Complete the worksheet on the different types of
  joint. Follow this link

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Movement and levers

• A lever is a machine that looks like a bar that
  turns about a pivot.
• The position of load, effort and pivot tell you
  the type of lever.
• The limbs and joints in the body are levers and
  their job is to allow weight to be shifted with
  minimal effort.

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Levers

• Levers always have
• A load the weight to be moved or the resistance
• A force to move the weight provided by the
  effort of the muscles
• A fulcrum or pivot point the fixed point that
  the movement occurs around

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First order lever

• This order helps to build speed.
• E.g. performing a somersault in trampolining. The
  head is the force, the shoulders as the fulcrum
  and the rest of the body is the load.

fulcrum
load
force
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Second order lever

• This order helps to generate force.
• E.g. standing on tiptoe or holding and pulling in
  a judo bout.

force
load
fulcrum
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Third order lever

• This order helps to generate speed and distance.
• E.g. tennis player uses the racket as an
  extension of the arm to generate more speed.

fulcrum
force
load
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Joints and age

• As you get older, your joints become less
  flexible as the tissues lose their elasticity.
• Flexibility can be increased however if the
  correct exercises are practised.
• Reduced flexibility can cause injury as the
  joints are less able to deal with movements.

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How joints help the sports person

• Joints allow the sports performer to complete the
  necessary actions. A number of joints are
  involved in even the simplest movements.
• They have to be prepared and trained for sport in
  order to be effective.

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Homework

• Choose 3 sporting actions. For each action state
  the following
• a) The type of joint
• b) The movement it creates
• c) The bones involved
• e.g. Kicking a football
• a) knee joint is a hinge joint
• b) causes flexion and extension
• c) bones femur, tibia, fibula and patella.