THE BIG 4

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"THE BIG 4" MACROMOLECULES
Slides used and modified from
gbn.glenbrook.k12.il.us/academics/science/Staff/co
oper/THE20BIG20420JOURNAL20PACKET.doc
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Before you can understand the topics in this unit
there are some key vocabulary terms you need to
know.
Macromolecule Polymer Monomer
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What is a
MACROMOLECULE
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What do these words mean?
Micro
MACRO
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So What Is A Macromolecule?
You should be able to define it on your own !
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Next Word..
Polymer
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"Poly"
Polygons
Polyester
Polygamy
Means...
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MANY
POLY means
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What does Mono mean?
1
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A Polymer
Here are some analogies to better understand what
polymers and monomers are.
If the train is the whole polymer, what would be
the small groups that make up the train? If the
necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers
that make up the necklace?
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A Polymer
Here are some analogies to better understand what
polymers and monomers are.
If the train is the whole polymer, what would be
the small groups that make up the train? If the
necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers
that make up the necklace?
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Now you and a buddy need to think of at least
2 other analogies for a polymer and its monomers.
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Now we are ready to begin our study of...
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The Big Four
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Three out of the 4 types of biochemical
macromolecules can be found on food nutrition
labels
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Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4
macromolecules can be found in foods.

• The 3 biochemical molecules
• found on a nutrition label are

FAT
1____________________ 2____________________ 3___
_________________
(0 grams in this product)
Carbohydrates
(13 grams in this product)
Protein
(9 grams in this product)
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What is the fourth type of biochemical
macromolecule?
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The 4th type of biochemical macromolecules are
the NUCLEIC ACIDS

• The types of Nucleic Acids
• DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)
• RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)

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DNA is short for DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
DNA

• Now you know why they just call it DNA!

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When studying these biochemical molecules, we
are interested in finding out..

• what they do for living things.
• what they generally look like.
• what their monomers are.
• and how they may help the body gain energy to
  sustain life.

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Keep the following in mind when studying this
material
Nucleic Acids What they look
like Carbohydrates What they do/Where are
they Lipids What are they made up
of- at the level of atoms Proteins
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LETS BEGIN WITH CARBOHYDRATES
WHAT DO THEY DO?

• They are the main source for the body to gain
  energy. They are our fuel!
• They make up the cell wall in plants which allow
  them to grow tall, without this carbohydrate, a
  plant would be a mushy mess! This type of
  carbohydrate is called Cellulose.
• THINK CARBS ENERGY and CELL WALLS

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CARBOHYDRATES
WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?

• In plant foods- in the cell walls of plants ---
  in fruits, vegetables, peas, beans, SUGAR comes
  from a plant and so does FLOUR! (pasta, potatoes,
  bread, candy, cookies)
• --------------------------------------------------
  -
• In animal products- in MILK

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CARBOHYDRATES
TYPES
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES
Simple
Complex
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Simple Sugars are carbohydrates made up of 1 or 2
monomers. They also taste sweet.
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Simple Sugars
COOKIES and CANDY
CAKES
FRUITS
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Complex CarbohydratesWhat are they?
Complex Cabohydrates are polymers made up of many
monomers. Most also taste starchy.
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Complex Carbohydrates
WHOLE GRAINS
FIBER
STARCHES
BREADS
PASTAS
VEGETABLES
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CARBOHYDRATES
MADE UP OF...
Carbohydrates are chains (polymers) made of
monomers. The most common monomer of
carbohydrates is
GLUCOSE
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The shape of Glucose is a hexagonal ring
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CARBOHYDRATES
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Each carbohydrate is made up of
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
THINK CHO
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NOW ONTO PROTEINS
WHAT DO THEY DO?

• They are the major structural molecules in living
  things for growth and repair muscles,
  ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nailsIN
  FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them
• They make up antibodies in the immune system
• They make up enzymes for helping chemical
  reactions
• They makeup non-steriod hormones which
• THINK Proteins membranes, enzymes, antibodies,
  non-steriod hormones, structural molecules,
  MEANS

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MORE ON PROTEINS
The following slides give you a little more in
depth info on things that are made of proteins
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Muscles, ligaments, tendons, and bones
Without these particular structural proteins, we
would look more like this.
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Well, maybe not exactly
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Hair, Skin, and Nails
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Microscope View ofSkin and Nails
This is skin
This is a nail
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Cell Membrane
The cell membrane surrounds everything in a cell
so it doesnt leak out. It is kind of like the
balloon in a water balloon.
The cell membrane is made mostly of protein AND
lipids.
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Antibodies are part of the immune system. When
something enters the body that isnt supposed to
be there, like certain bacteria, antibodies find
the invader and stick themselves onto it. When
a white blood cell finds the invader covered
with antibodies, it knows it doesnt belong there
and kills it.
Antibodies
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Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical
reactions. If you didnt have enzymes in your
stomach to speed up digestion, the food would rot
in your stomach because it would take so long!
Enzymes
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Hormones are chemicals made in glands that are in
one place in the body and then put into the blood
to be used in another.
HORMONES
These are where the hormone producing glands are
located in your body.
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The thyroid is found in the middle of your neck,
by your voice box. Here is a picture of those
cells secreting the thyroid hormone.
(The yellow stuff is thyroid hormone)
Thyroid hormone regulates how fast your body uses
energy.
If you have an over active thyroid, you use
energy quickly and tend to be very thin and have
a hard time putting on weight.
If you have an under active thyroid gland, you
use energy very slowly and tend to carry more
body fat and have a difficult time losing it.
Dont be quick to think you have a thyroid
problem if you are overweight, chances are its
actually your eating and exercise habits!
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PROTEINS
WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?

• In plant foods- in the cell membranes
• In animal products- in the cell membranes- in the
  muscles or living things- cows, chicken, fish

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Proteins
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Proteins
Aside from the protein found in animal
sourcesprotein can also be found in fruits,
vegetables, grains, and nuts. (it just does not
have as many amino acids)
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PROTEINS
MADE UP OF...
Proteins are made of long chains (polymers) made
of monomers. All proteins are made of the monomer
AMINO ACID
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http//www.hcc.mnscu.edu/programs/dept/chem/V.27/a
mino_acid_structure_2.jpg
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http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thum
b/c/c5/Amino_acids_2.png/483px-Amino_acids_2.png
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The shapes of proteins are like a balled up piece
of string
Amino Acid chain All wound up
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PROTEINS
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Each protein is made up of
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, Nitrogen and
sometimes Sulfur
THINK CHONS
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Protiens and Fragile X
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Voles
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LIPIDS ARE NEXT
WHAT DO THEY DO?

• They are a great source of STORED ENERGY so we
  have it in the future.
• They INSULATE the body to maintain normal body
  temperature and they CUSHION the internal organs
  for protection.
• They produce hormones for the body called
  STERIODS
• They waterproof surfaces of animals,plants, and
  fruits- these are waxes!
• THINK Waterproof, insulate, steriods, energy,
  cushion WISE C

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LIPIPSSome interesting info
Waterproofing...

• Fruits produce a waxy coating to keep from drying
  out.
• The cells in a tulip make a wax which helps coat
  the leaves.
• Ear wax traps dust, sand, and other foreign
  particles from going deeper into the ear and
  causing damage.
• Beeswax- a structural material to hold honey in
  the hive

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LIPIPSSome interesting info
Steriods...
There are many different types of steroids. They
are all lipids. Their functions vary. Some
common steroids are SEX STEROIDS ANABOLIC
STERIODS CHOLESTEROL
They increase muscle
Like testosterone and estrogen
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LIPIPSSome interesting info
NATURAL STERIODS IN OUR BODY INCREASE MUSCLE
GROWTH AND BONE DEVELOPMENT AND ARE GOOD. THE
ILLEGAL ONES THAT ARE SYNTHETIC ARE BAD.
Some anabolic steroids are illegal
Steriods...
And can be dangerous and very unhealthy
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Very Common Effects of Illegal Steroids
If used when the person is still growing, they
will be shorter as an adult, anabolic steroids
will decrease bone growth.
Males will experience shrinking of the testicles,
and with prolonged use, the steroid will be
turned into estrogen in the male body and it
will start to lay fatty tissue on the chest,
otherwise known as breasts.
If genetically predisposed to becoming bald,
balding will happen more quickly.
If clean needles are not readily available, there
is a significantly higher risk of getting AIDS.
Future risks of liver cancer disease.
Enlarged heart which can lead to death
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Illegal Steroid Use in Women
Some additional effects
Breasts will decrease in size, the opposite of
what happens to men.
The woman will start to grow facial hair, how
quickly depends on her genetic makeup. If she
discontinues use, the facial hair will still
continue to grow.
If she is genetically predisposed to balding,
she will start to lose her hair, just as if she
was genetically male.
Her voice will start to deepen, how quickly
depends on her genetics. If she discontinues
use, her voice will remain deep.
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LIPIDS
WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?

• In plants- in the seeds
• --------------------------------------------------
  -
• In animals- in adipose tissue, connective tissue,
  in animals
• --------------------------------------------------
  -
• Lipids make up the cell membrane of all cells.

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LIPIDS
OILS
BUTTER
MARGARINE
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LIPIDS
MADE UP OF...
Lipids are chains (polymers) made of monomers.
The most common monomer of lipids is
TRIGLYCERIDES
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The Shape of a triglyceride is like the letter
E
This is a triglyceride molecule
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Saturated Fatty Acids have no double bonds and
are saturated with hydrogen.Unsaturated Fatty
Acids have double bonds.
www.agen.ufl.edu/chyn/age2062/lect/lect_02/3_16.g
if
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Cis and Trans Fatty Acids
http//users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyP
ages/C/cis_trans.gif
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Cis vs-Trans Shapes
http//www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/sabedon/047ci
s.gif
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LIPIDS
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Each carbohydrate is made up of
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
THINK CHO
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OH NO CHO! Lipids like Carbs?
You might have noticed that both carbohydrates
and lipids have the elements Carbon, Hydrogen,
and Oxygen. CHO A carbohydrate, has twice as
many hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen
atoms. EX C6H12O6 (This is a carb there are
double the number of H compared to O) On the
other hand, lipids have a lot more than twice the
amount hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen
atoms. EX C27H46O cholesterol
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Quick Review Questions
Try to answer without looking back or using your
notes )
What Big 4 molecule stores energy for the
future? What are 4 effects of illegal steroid
use in men and 3 effects in women? What are 4
things proteins do in your body? What are the
functions of lipids? What is the main function
of carbohydrates?
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Mini QuizExamples of the Big 4

• Each of the following foods is high in one of the
  Big 4 organic molecules. Decide which one for
  each of the following foods.
• Corn Oil
• Lean Ham
• Bread
• Fish

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FINALLY- NUCLEIC ACIDS
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NUCLEIC ACIDS
TYPES
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA
RNA
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Nucleic Acids
WHAT DO THEY DO

• DNA
• Is our genetic material. Chromosomes are made of
  DNA.
• Chromosomes contain the recipes to make
  proteins for your body.
• RNA
• Reads the DNA protein recipes and makes the
  proteins for your body.

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NUCLEIC ACIDS
WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?

• In plants- inside the nucleus of the cells
• --------------------------------------------------
  -
• In animals- inside the nucleus of each cell
• --------------------------------------------------
  -

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NUCLEIC ACIDS
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NUCLEIC ACIDS
MADE UP OF...
Nucleic Acids are chains (polymers) made of
monomers. Nucleic acids are made up of
Nucleotide Chains
Which are nitrogen basessomething we will learn
more about when we study DNA
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The shape of a nucleic acid is
DNA is a double helix
RNA is a single strand
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Nucleic Acids
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Each nucleic acid is made up of
Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and
Oxygen
THINK PONCH
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ENERGY
Three of the BIG 4 provide us with energy
through the food we eat
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ENERGY
Energy that is gained by consuming food is called
a
CALORIE
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Energy that we gain by the consumption of food is
measured in Calories.
If you drink a glass of skim milk, you will get a
gain of 90 Calories of energy for your body.
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Energy Gained From Carbohydrates
Eating 1 gram of carbohydrate provides your body
with 4 Calories.
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Energy Gained from Protein
Eating 1 gram of protein provides your body with
4 Calories.
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Energy Gained from Lipids
Eating 1 gram of fat provides your body with 9
Calories.
Notice if you eat 1 gram of fat, you are gaining
more than twice the amount of Calories than from
a gram of carbohydrate or protein!
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Nucleic acids
The nucleic acids in food are not considered a
substance that the body uses to gain energy.
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ENERGY
So
TEST Are you smart? If you eat a sandwhich with
46 grams of carbs and 24 grams of protein and 10
grams of fat, how much energy will you gain?
370
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REVIEW QUESTIONS

• What elements are found in all of the Big 4
  molecules? Which of the Big 4 has different
  elements and what are they?
• Since Carbohydrates and Lipids have the same
  elements in them, how can you tell the
  difference?
• Would C26H32O5 be a carbohydrate or lipid?
• Which molecule is in the shape of a hexagon?
• Which molecule is in the shape of an E?
• A polymer of amino acids makes what molecule?

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Which one of the following molecules is a lipid?
A carbohydrate?

• 1.) C27H46O
• 2.) C12H24O12

Lipid
Carbohydrate
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MORE REVIEW

• What kind of carbohydrate gives you a quick burst
  of energy?
• What kind of carbohydrate gives you long term
  energy?
• You are stranded on a desert island and have
  found a box of food. Considering you have almost
  nothing to eat on the island, which of the
  following would be the best food to have in the
  box? WHY?
• Crackers
• Butter
• Steak
• How many Calories are found in 1 gram of protein?
• How many Calories are in 1 gram of nucleic acid?

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Final Review QuestionsPlease do not look back at
the information in your handout until you have
answered all of the following questions.

• 1. What are 2 examples of simple sugars and 2
  examples of complex carbohydrates not mentioned
  already?
• 2. What is a polymer?
• 3. What is a monomer?
• 4. Carbohydrates are the bodys main source of
  ________________.
• 5. Define in your own words
• Biochemical
• Macromolecule
• 6. Proteins are major structural molecules in
  living things. List 5 places or things in your
  body that contain a lot of protein.
• 7. What are enzymes? What are they made of?
• 8. What are hormones?
• 9. What does your thyroid hormone do?
• 10. Name three types of proteins.
• 11. What are the functions of lipids?
• 12. What elements are found in each of the Big 4
  molecules?
• 13. What does DNA do? RNA?
• 14. How many Calories are found in 1 gram of
  each of the Big 4 molecules?
• 15. What are 5 possible effects of illegal
  steroid use?
• 16. What are 3 functions of lipids?
• 17. What is the function of waxes?