Sport Governance and Management Theory

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Sport Governance and Management Theory

• Sport Governance
• Intro to Scientific Management
• (Chapter 3 23 January 2007)

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Class Reminders

• WebCT 1 being graded (Chaps. 1 and 2)
• Weekly News 1 graded, passed back today
• Excellent work with margin comments (goal of 5)
• Weekly News 2 due today governance/policy

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Sport Governance?

• Define Sport Governance?
• Sport Governance the exercise of power and
  authority in sport organizations, including
  policy making, organizational mission,
  membership, eligibility, and regulatory power
• Sport governance occurs mainly on four different
  levels local, state, national, international

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Why Study Sport Governance?

• Why do you think it is important?
• you will be able to understand how individual
  sport organizations fit into the greater
  industry
• This may help you find your niche within the
  sport and fitness industry

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Common Elements of Sport Governance

• Membership-Eligibility bylaws, operating
  procedures, rules
• Regulatory Power enforce rules, impose
  punishments
• Programming games, contests, competitions
• Organizational Structure committees, councils,
  directors, president, executive staff

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Who Governs Different Levels of Sport?

• International Sport
• Professional Sport
• Olympic Sport
• Intercollegiate Sport
• High School Sport
• Amateur Sport
• Intramural Sport

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Bylaws or Policies for Each level?

• International Sport IOC or FIFA homepage
• Professional Sport NFL, NBA, WNBA, MLB, NHL
• Olympic Sport check USOC homepage
• Intercollegiate Sport NCAA, NJCAA, NAIA
• High School Sport NFHS or IHSA homepage
• Amateur Sport check AAU homepage
• Intramural Sport NIRSA homepage

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NBA Bylaw or Policy?

• What is an example of one?

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NCAA Bylaws?

• The NCAA governance structure is made up of more
  than 125 committees.
• In August 1997, restructuring allowed greater
  autonomy for each division and more control by
  chancellors and presidents.
• Under restructuring, athletics administrators
  play a primary role in the maintenance of college
  sports, and in most instances in developing
  legislation that the chancellors and presidents
  then consider for each division and the
  Association.

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NCAA Bylaws or Policies?

• What is an example of three?

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IHSA Bylaws?

• The IHSA is governed by a board of directors
• The member schools are represented by a
  legislative commission, consisting of principals
  and athletic directors from different regions of
  Illinois.
• The legislative commission holds voting rights
  when new proposals or amendments to the bylaws
  are presented

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IHSA Bylaws?

• What is an example of three?

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Sport Governance Content Areas

• Students should begin to familiarize with these
  areas
• Identification of governing bodies in sport
• Organizational structure of governing bodies
• Authority and functions of governing bodies
• Requirements for membership in governing bodies
• Sanctions and appeals processes
• Influence of government on governing bodies

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North American Professional Sport

• Main Policy Issues in the News?
• Labor Issues - bargaining (ex - NHL)
• Drug Policies - steriods (ex - MLB)
• Criminal Activity by Players (ex - NBA)
• Gambling (ex - Rose, Jordan)
• Increasing Diversity in Front Office (ex - NFL)

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Paralympic Sport

• Disability Sport define?
• sport designed for or specifically practiced by
  athletes with disabilities (Depauw Gavron,
  1995)
• Same as Special Olympics?
• What are the Paralympic Games?
• Games that showcase elite-level athletes with
  disabilities held 2 weeks later than the
  Olympic Games in the same city and venues
• Began in the early 1900s before WWII

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Review of the Scientific Method

• Steps of the Scientific Method? (partner disc.)
• - Method to assist researchers distinguish what
  they think they know vs. what they actually
  know
• make observations
• ask questions
• form a working hypothesis
• conduct experiments to test the hypothesis
• interpret your results
• draw a conclusion
• modify your hypothesis as needed

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Beginnings of Scientific Management

• The science of modern management - movement
  began around 1880 - research and testing of
  management roles, strategies, techniques, and
  processes
• Development of a body of knowledge - research
• Goal - ? efficiency, productivity, revenue,
  leadership
• Examples - equipment location, plant layout,
  production techniques, incentive systems,
  leadership training
• Publication of journals, conferences - exchanging
  ideas and information about mgmt. processes and
  challenges
• Emergence of the managerial class establish
  goals/aims, anticipate and solve problems, HR
  manage.

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Pioneers in Early Scientific Management (Table
3.1 - p. 63)

• Frederick W. Taylor - Father of
• Scientific Management
• establishment of uniform job procedures
• studied worker performance
• job selection by qualification
• Supervisory role incentives to increase worker
  productivity
• relationship of working conditions and employee
  productivity
• Henry L. Gantt
• employee treatment and pay
• teaching and training employees

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Pioneers in Early Scientific Management

• Henry Towne and Henry Metcalf
• Formation of professional management
  organizations
• Publication of management journals
• Mary P. Follett
• Leadership training
• Education for managers and leaders
• Examined motivation of individuals
• and groups

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20th Century Schools of Management Thought

• Scientific School of Management (Operation
  Elements)
• research and perspective based on systematic
  observations of how things are produced -
  techniques, production planning, plant layout,
  wage incentives focus on operation elements
• The Behavioral School (Individual-Group Dynamics)
• research and perspective based on individual
  motivation and interpersonal relationships
  focus on interpersonal relations
• The Management Process School (manager processes)
• research and perspective based on examination of
  managerial functions/processes - manager is key
  to organization success
• The Quantitative School (post-1940,
  cross-discipline)
• research and perspective based on utilizing
  expert knowledge from wide range of disciplines
  to study organizations, and to solve management
  and organizational problems

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Theories of Management and Leadership

• What is a theory?
• an accepted principle devised to analyze,
  predict, or explain the nature of behavior or
  phenomena. Theories are tested by research.
  (Parkhouse, 1991)
• Theories relating to the relationship between
  managers and workers
• McGregors Theory X Y
• William Ouchis Theory Z
• Total Quality Management (TQM)

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McGregors Theory X and Y Leadership Styles

• What do you know about it?
• How are workers viewed by managers?
• Two styles of motivational leadership
• based on capabilities/needs of workers
• Theory X? vs. Theory Y?
• Theory X - workers are lazy, lacking in ability
  and motivation. Therefore, they need and want to
  be told what to do, when to do it, and how to do
  it.
• (What management style(s) might fit this
  theory?)
• Theory Y - workers are self-motivated,
  self-directed, and desire responsibility and
  independence.
• (What management style(s) might fit this theory?)

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William Ouchis Theory Z

• Examined various cultures within organizations
• Focuses on relationship between
  management-workers
• analyzed characteristics of highly successful
  Japanese business management tactics and
  strategies
• need for trust, loyalty, openness, and positive
  relations
• need for workers to be educated and knowledgeable
• problem-solving should be a cooperative effort
• workers need to play an integral role in the
  establishment of objectives and goals - results
  in more dedicated and harder working employees
• How can we apply these points to sport management?

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Total Quality Management (TQM)

• What do you know about it?
• Developed by W. Edwards Deming
• customer is always right
• Popularized in Japan following WWII
• Teamwork and quality control are key
• Quality service and products for the customer
• Employees working together for the good of the
  organization maintain quality, meeting consumer
  need
• Employee empowerment, incentives, and
  compensation
• Key - how an individual perceives her role in
  the organization, and how one perceives the
  customer
• 14 Principles of Total Quality Management (Steir,
  p. 69)

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Other Theories Noted

• McClelland Motivation Theory 3 essential
  motivators for workers what are they?
• - High achievement
• - Affiliation
• - Power
• Preference-Expectancy Theory motivation is
  connected to employee preference and
  expectancy rewards are connected to specific,
  identifiable behavior and work performance
• Motivational Reinforcement Theory positive
  reinforcement (rewards and recognition) desired
  behavior.

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Conclusions

• Sport managers should acquire an understanding of
  sport governance and fundamental management
  styles and theories in order to better relate
  to and motivate employees to achieve
  organizational goals
• Review content of Steir Chapter 3 - philosophy,
  styles of management, management thought,
  theories of management and leadership, pioneers
  of scientific management