Health and Exercise

1
Health and Exercise
Edexcel module 8
2
Breathing
3
The Respiratory System
Trachea has stiff rings of cartilage to prevent
it collapsing
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Rib muscles to raise and lower the ribs
Ribs to protect the chest
Lung
Alveoli (air sacs) gas exchange takes place
here
Diaphragm muscular sheet
4
Gas exchange

• Alveoli are very good at exchanging gases
  because
• They have a LARGE surface area
• They have a good blood supply
• They are moist

5
Breathing
6
Cleaning our air
Our respiratory system has two types of
specialised cell that help to keep our lungs
clean
1. Mucus is produced and traps dust, bacteria etc
2. The mucus is swept upwards to the mouth by
cilia (cells with tiny hairs)
7
Smoking

• Cigarettes contain 3 harmful things
• NICOTINE, which is an ___________ drug that
  raises the heart beat, narrows the arteries and
  so causes ____ _____ _____. This leads to heart
  _________.
• TAR, which coats the lining of the _______ making
  them less able to take in oxygen. It also
  contains carcinogens which cause ______________.
• CARBON MONOXIDE, which is a _______ ____ which
  joins up with ____ blood cells making them
  incapable of transporting _____________ around
  the body.

Words high blood pressure, oxygen, red,
addictive, disease, poisonous gas, lungs, cancer
8
The Circulatory System
The circulatory system is responsible for pumping
______ around the body. We need blood to be
taken around the body because blood contains
________ and _______. These are needed so that
all the ____ in our bodies can produce _____
through _________. The main organs in the
circulatory system are the _____, the lungs and
the kidneys.
Words energy, heart, blood, glucose,
respiration, oxygen, cells
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The Double Circulatory System
1. Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart
to the lungs
2. The blood receives oxygen and is pumped back
to the heart
4. The oxygen leaves the blood to be used for
respiration in the body and the blood goes back
to the heart
3. The oxygenated blood is then pumped to the
rest of the body
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The Heart
4. Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters through
the pulmonary vein into the left atrium
1. Deoxygenated blood (i.e. blood without oxygen)
enters through the vena cava into the right atrium
2. Its then pumped through the tricuspid valve
into the right ventricle
5. Its then pumped through the bicuspid valve
into the left ventricle
3. Its then pumped through the semi-lunar valve
up to the lungs through the pulmonary artery
6. Its then pumped out of the aorta to the rest
of the body
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Arteries, veins and capillaries
12
Diffusion in capillaries
Cells use diffusion to swap the oxygen they need
for the carbon dioxide they no longer want
Other examples of where diffusion happens in
humans
Alveoli in the lungs
Villi in the intestines
13
Coronary arteries
Words surface area, glucose, weakens, blocked,
sticky
14
Controlling Glucose
15
Controlling Glucose
16
Diabetes
Diabetes is a ________ in which a persons blood
sugar (i.e. glucose) level may rise to a _______
level. This is because the ______ doesnt
produce enough _________. Diabetes can be
treated by __________ carefully or by injecting
extra insulin when needed. Diabetics have to
test their blood sugar level before they decide
how much insulin to _______ themselves with.
Words insulin, disease, inject, dangerous,
eating, pancreas
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Using genetic engineering to make insulin
Step 1 Using RESTRICTION ENZYMES cut out the
part of the human chromosome that is responsible
for producing insulin.
Step 2 Using another restriction enzyme cut open
a ring of bacterial DNA (a plasmid). Other
enzymes are then used to insert the piece of
human DNA into the plasmid.
Step 3 Place the plasmid into a bacterium which
will start to divide rapidly. As it divides it
will replicate the plasmid and make millions of
them, each with the instruction to produce
insulin. Commercial quantities of insulin can
then be produced.
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(Aerobic) Respiration
Words breathing, energy, Mrs Gren, respiration,
food
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The Effect of Exercise
Heart rate/min
Breathing rate/min
100
225
Rest
Exercise
Recovery
75
175
50
125
25
75
5 mins
10 mins
15 mins
20 mins
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Anaerobic respiration
Unlike aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration
is when energy is provided WITHOUT needing
_________
This happens when the body cant provide oxygen
quick enough for __________ respiration to take
place. Anaerobic respiration produces energy
much _______ than aerobic respiration but only
produces 1/20th as much. Lactic acid is also
produced, and this can build up in muscles
causing ______ and an oxygen ______. This
debt then needs to be repaid by deep
breathing to ________ the lactic acid.
Words debt, oxygen, fatigue, oxidise, aerobic,
quicker
21
Aerobic vs. anaerobic respiration
22
Recall our previous work on genetics
Example 1 A homozygous brown-eyed parent and a
blue-eyed parent
Example 2 2 heterozygous brown-eyed parents
X
X
Parents
Gametes
(FOIL)
Offspring
All offspring have brown eyes
25 chance of blue eyes
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Inherited diseases
1) Cystic fibrosis a disease that causes thick
and sticky mucus to coat the lungs, gut and
pancreas. Its caused by recessive alleles
2) Huntingdon's disease a disease of the
nervous system that causes shaking and eventually
dementia. Its caused by a dominant allele
3) Sickle cell anaemia a disease that alters
the shape of red blood cells, thereby reducing
their oxygen capacity, causing weakness and
anaemia. Its caused by recessive alleles
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Gene therapy
Gene therapy is when diseases are treated by
modifying a persons genome. For example, take
cystic fibrosis
1) Take a disease-causing virus
2) Remove the genetic material that causes
excessive mucus to be produced
3) Insert the genetic material that stops cells
producing excess mucus
4) The virus then works on the cells in the lung