Lecture 12: War And Society: The Consequences Of Conflict

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Lecture 12 War And Society The Consequences Of
Conflict
1. Physical Destruction 2. The Political Costs
Win, Lose, Or Draw 3. Social Cohesion And
War 4. Social Groups A) The Working Class And
War B) Women And War C) Minorities And War
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Physical Destruction

• Total Deaths in World War I
• British Deaths by Age Cohort
• British Deaths by University Affiliation
• Industrial and Property Damage

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War and Leadership Change
Winners
Involvement in War
Draws
Losers
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Impact Of War On The Winners
Duration Severity Winners (months) (deaths) Lead
er Post War Outcome --------- --------- ---------
--------- ------------------------------------ Pru
ssia 8 47,500 Bismarck no change Japan 20 85,000
Katsura resigns January 1906 due
to opposition to peace treaty Britain 52 908,
000 Asquith Coalition government
(5/25/15) (Liberal) Lloyd George replaces
Asquith Coalition wins elect. (12/14/18)
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Duration Severity Winners (months) (deaths) Lead
er Post War Outcome --------- --------- ---------
--------- ------------------------------------ Fra
nce 52 1,350,000 Barthou Viviani
(8/14-10/15) Briand (10/15-3/17) Ribot
(3/17-9/17) Painleve (9/17-11/17) Clemence
au (11/17-1/20) Rt. wing of coalition
wins but Clemenceau loses due to
opposition to peace treaty US 20 126,000 Wilson
Demos lose midterm elections (Democrat) Demo.
candidate loses 1920 Italy 43 650,000 Salandra Sa
landra falls (12/12/16) Boselli falls after
Caporetto Orlando (10/17-6/18) Nitti
(6/18-6/20)
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Duration Severity Winners (months) (deaths) Lead
er Post War Outcome --------- --------- ---------
--------- ------------------------------------ Jap
an 52 300 Okuma Terauchi succeeds
(10/9/16) Gov. wins election
(4/20/17) Terauchi falls due to
inflation Gov. wins election
(5/10/19) US 45 408,300 Roosevelt dies in
office Truman succeeds (Democrat) Democrats
lose both houses '46 Democrats retain
Presidency '48 USSR 51 7,500,000 Stalin no
change (Communist) Britain 72 270,000 Chamberl
ain Chamberlain replaced (5/10/40) (Cons.) Labo
ur wins election (6/26/45)
Attlee (Labour) replaces Churchill
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American Wars
1. Spanish-American War (1898) Does Not Hurt
Incumbents -- Short War (5 Months) Clear
Victory -- Limited Mobilization (43,000 To
236,000) 2. World War I (1917-1918) --
Democrats Lose Both Houses In 1918 -- Democratic
Presidential Candidate Loses 1920 3. World War
II (1941-45) -- During War Democrats Do Well --
Democrats Lose Both Houses In 1946 -- Truman
Narrowly Escapes Defeat In 1948
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American Wars
4. Korean War (1950-53) -- Democrats Lose Both
Houses In 1952 Elections -- Democratic
Presidential Candidate Loses 1952 5. Vietnam War
(1964-73) -- Does Not Hurt Democrats In
Congress -- Costs Johnson And Democrats The
White House
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War And Social Cohesion
Hypothesis 1 War ---()---gt Social Cohesion
Rationale External Threat Triggers Rally Around
The Flag
Hypothesis 2 War ---(-)----gt Social Cohesion
Rationale Extraction Triggers Social Unrest
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War And Social Cohesion

SOCIAL COHESION
MOBILIZATION EFFORT
-
CLEAR EXTERNAL THREAT
NO CLEAR EXTERNAL THREAT
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Social Groups War And The Working Class
1. Mass Conscription Creates Artificial Labor
Shortage (e.g., 81 Of German Males Between
18-50 Drafted) 2. Labor Shortage Shifts Power To
Working Class A) Higher Wages B) Growth In
Unions C) Labor Brought Into Government Planning
Circles 3. Inflation - Wars Always Result In
Inflation - Inflation Not Bad For Everyone
(e.g., Debtors) - Workers Relatively Better Off
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Working ClassReal Decline But Relative
Improvement
Real Wages During World War I Germany Britain
1914 100 100 1915 96 86 1916 87 80 1917 79 75 1
918 77 85 Notes and Sources Index 1914100.
Mommsen (1988, 33).
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Social Groups Women And War
1. Traditional School (Marwick) War Causes
Important And Permanent Social Change 2.
Revisionist School War Causes Temporary Changes
Only 3. The Impact Of War On Women A) Widows
And Orphans B) More Women Working And Doing New
Jobs C) War Alters Womens Political Lives D)
War Changes Self-perceptions
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Social Groups War And Minorities
1. Czechs In The Austria-Hungary Empire In World
War I - War Destroys Social Cohesion And
Shatters Empire 2. World Wars And American
Blacks - Mass Migration From South To North And
West 3. Ethnic Redistribution In Soviet Union
During World War II - War Contributes To
Russification Of Minorities
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Immigration And The Demand For Labor In The US,
1910-1920