Development,Peace and Security:Challenging One Dimensional Strategies

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Development,Peace and SecurityChallenging One
Dimensional Strategies

• Kevin P Clements
• To Challenging UncertaintiesThe Future of the
  Netherlands Armed Forces
• Clingangdael 16/12/08

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The Development,Security Peace Nexus

• Links three disparate discourses, theories and
  practices together.
• It makes no sense to maintain these theoretical
  and practical realms as separate entities.
• Holistic analysis and prescriptions combining
  these perspectives is a survival imperative and
  critical to successful military intervention

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Very little Theory that synthesises these
perspectives

• Development and Peacebuilding Theory
• Conflict Transformation Theory
• State/Nation Building Theory-especially the
  literature dealing with fragile states, enhancing
  state effectiveness etc

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Importance of Context

• Text without context is pre-text.
• Vital to understand the context within which
  Mutilateral and Regional OrganisationsStates,mili
  tary,NGOs/CSOs Private Sector are working. What
  is the nature of the relationship between these
  diverse actors and the context?
• What levels are actors working at?
  Micro-Meso-Macro? How conscious are the actors
  of the context and vice versa?

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Micro-Macro Spectrum

• Family Unit
• Social Network/Peer Group
• Community
• Sub National Region
• Society at Large/Country
• Regional Group
• Global

• Micro Level
• Mezo Level
• Macro Level

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Contested Spaces
Regional Economy
State Roles and Responsibilities
Civil Society Roles and Responsibilities
Private Sector Roles and Responsibilities
Global Economy
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Dynamics assumed to strengthen resilience and
diminish fragility

• Provision of internal and external security
• Organisation of the legal system(s) rule of law
• Provision of basic social services
• Organisation of political representation and
  decision making
• Organisation of leadership
• Political will and commitment of leaders
• Organisation of socio-political
  inclusion/exclusion sociopolitical networks
• Organisation of accountability
• Sources of legitimacy
• Sources of citizenship/social belonging
• Perception of political order by community
• Organisation of economic activity
• Sources and management of revenues for the
  fulfilment of political tasks
• Organisation of personnel for fulfilment of
  political tasks.

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Problematic Nature of External Intervention

• External actors have enormous trouble supporting
  positive internal dynamics.
• They are perceived as outsiders
• Substantial internal resistance to external do
  gooders.
• Many external interventions generate malign
  internal consequences.
• External actors cannot generate long term
  internal legitimacy

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Not all States are alike

• There is a tendency to assume that all states and
  peoples wish to become social democracies like
  the Netherlands, NZ, the other OECD countries.
• The evidence for this is slight.
• There are OECD style states, post colonial
  states,of greater or lesser degrees of
  effectiveness, then quite a number of states
  practicing what can be called criminalised
  forms of governance

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Criminalised forms of Governance

• The Corrupt state Where there are many
  opportunities for corrupt activity but where
  there is still some acknowledgement of the public
  good. E.g Brazil, Thailand
• The Mafia State where there is a vertical
  integration of official crime and political
  control-e.g parts of post Soviet Russia,
  Milosevics Serbia, Nigeria under Abacha,
  Myanmar, North Korea
• Warlordism Where states are fragmented into
  sub states run by political military commanders
  able to amass resources and provide basic social
  services security and welfare. Power determined
  by control of income generating extractive
  resources.

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Parallel and Neo Patrimonial States

• Briscoe defines such states as combining formal
  political authority ( including rule of law, a
  form of public representation,certain civic
  rights and a clear hierarchy of authority) with
  an informal power structure that has emerged from
  the innards of the stateis organically linked to
  the state and yet ..serves its own factional ,
  sector based or institutional interests in
  combination with organised crime networks or
  armed groups

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Conditions for creating Parallel States

• They emerge from historically weak states
• Where one institution (normally the military or
  intelligence service) is strong
• Where globalisation has increased the range of
  licit and illicit commercial opportunities,
• Where dominant public issues legitimate
  expert institutional intervention over
  democratic practice
• Where foreign powers act according to an
  overarching geo- strategic logic and
• Where there are transactional mechanisms that
  link political rulers and parallel organisations

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External Focii on Security generates Parallel
States

• Parallel states, criminalised governance flow
  from external programmes which focus primarily
  on the security sphere and do not integrate the
  development, peace and security agendas.
• Money, arms and International Blind Eyes in the
  name of a narrow security based policy will
  deepen shadowy realms of the state and entrench
  the problems that generate concern

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Importance of Working with the Grain of locality

• Many foreign interventions fail because they seek
  to impose inapproriate institutions on complex
  customs, traditional and values.
• The Challenge is how to work with the grain of
  locality against an understandable desire for
  universal homegeneity.

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High state coercion / Legitimate order
Effective Governance / Social Peace
High social resilience
GOVERNANCE
Traditional peacemaking and control of violence
Diversified control of violence
State monopoly of violence
Positive mutual accommodation / complementarity

• WEBERIAN STATE
• legal bureaucracy
• welfare, health, education,
• representative institutions
• statutory law
• individual land titles system
• market / subsistence economy

• CUSTOMARY ORDER
• customary institutions,
• traditional leadership
• kin-based social organisation,
• customary law,
• communal land tenure,
• subsistence economy

• HYBRID POLITICAL ORDER
• partial customary institutions
• partial state institutions
• civil society
• legal pluralism
• mixed land tenure
• subsistence / market

GOVERNANCE
TYPE OF
Friction / incompatibility / non-cooperative /
confrontation
EFFECTIVENESS OF
Payback cycles of violence
Privatisation of violence
Privatisation of violence and payback cycles
Low / Ineffective / illegitimate use of state
coercion
Low social resilience
Fragile governance / Violent conflict
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Activities are Effective if they

• Increase the number of people or organisations
  actively working , or speaking out for peace,(or
  reduces the numbers of people actively engaged
  in or promoting conflict)
• Engage people in positions to make or influence
  formal peace agreements in the process of doing
  so.

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Activities are Effective if they

• Promote peace related activities that are able to
  sustain themselves when violence worsens or
  threats are made.
• Establish links between leadership and the
  general public by which either the leadership or
  the general public communicate to the other in
  ways that encourage their commitment to move
  toward a settlement.

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Activities are Effective if

• Specific acts of violence are stopped (when these
  acts are themselves unjust and breeders of
  further violence.
• They address institutional weaknesses for dealing
  with conflict in non violent ways.

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Monitoring and Accountability

• Major point of all this work is to monitor the
  effectiveness of the intervention and to ensure
  the accountability of practitioners and
  intervenors
• Monitoring needs to take place with key
  stakeholders at all stages of project/programme
  planning and implementation cycle
• Accountability needs to take place at all stages
  too.