METROPOLITAN PERSPECTIVE: INTRODUCTION

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METROPOLITAN PERSPECTIVEINTRODUCTION

• Jacobs Neighbourhood analysis
• Metro perspective Growth and development of the
  whole city
• Advantages

• Look at neighbourhood ills caused outside the
  neighbourhood
• Address basic questions of urban politics

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TERMS
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METROPOLITAN AREA

• Inner city suburbs exurban areas
• COMMUTERSHED

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MORE TERMS

• Mixed uses primary mixed uses or secondary
  diversity
• Density

• Persons per hectare
• Persons per square kilometre
• Dwelling units (du) per acre
• Ratio of floor space to lot size (FAR)

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GROSS POPULATION PER HA.

• TORONTO
• 1970 57
• 1980 40
• 1986 35
• WINNIPEG
• 2001 13

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VANCOUVER DWELLING UNITS PER ACRE
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FLOOR AREA RATIOS (FARs)

• High-density downtown core Typical ratios

• 61
• 91
• 121

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TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT
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TWO MORE TERMS

• Sprawl Low-density, single-use development
• Leapfrog development Sprawl on steroids

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WHY DO DENSITY AND USE MIXTURES MATTER?

• Auto dependence
• Mixed uses and transit viability
• Density and transit viability

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REQUIRED DENSITIES FOR DIFFERENT TRANSIT TYPES
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REMINDER TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT
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VICIOUS CYCLE OF TRANSIT DECLINE

• Decrease in number of riders
• More expense per bus
• Service cuts/fare increases
• More decreases in numbers of riders

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SOCIAL ISOLATION

• Elderly
• Young
• Disabled
• Low-income

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QUESTION FOR DISCUSSION

• Is it reasonable to suggest that social isolation
  of the poor, the elderly, the young, and disabled
  people are all caused by sprawl?

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CONVENTIONAL PATTERN I CONCENTRIC CIRCLES

• Suburbs
• Exurbs
• Downtown

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THE SUBURBS

• Mythology Self-reliance and individualism
• Reality

• Cities are collective entities
• Suburbs are paid for, partly out of general
  revenues

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WHY WE CHOOSE SUBURBS

• Rural fundamentalism
• Love affair with the automobile
• Choice, or so it seems

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CORPORATE SUBURBS ORIGINS

• Large developers
• Mortgage guarantees, subsidies
• Planning rules
• Examples

• Use separation
• Minimum lot sizes
• Minimum pavement width
• Set-backs

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DON MILLS, TOP OF P. 27
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HOW CITIES DEVELOPA LARGE CORPORATION

• Servicing
• Building
• Design
• Commercial property
• Industrial property
• Profits

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WHATS WRONG WITH THAT?

• Not profit per se
• Creation of a political force
• This is how development is governed

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TYPICAL DEVELOPMENT PROCESS - N. AMERICA

• Starts with developers land purchase
• Proceeds with developers proposal
• Negotiation with city planners
• Council approval
• Development plans first
• Transportation plans follow

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TYPICAL EUROPEAN PROCESS

• Transportation plan comes first
• Land use follows

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POLITICS OF AUTO DEPENDENCE

• Peaking of traffic
• Fixing the problem makes it worse

• Traffic shifts

• Route
• Time
• Mode

• New automobile-oriented development

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MORE POLITICS OF AUTO DEPENDENCE

• Geographic patterns of political conflict
• Inefficient use of land, energy, building
  materials
• Suburbs good for kids?
• Parochialism
• Emptiness of streets
• Class and racial segregation

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THE METROPOLITAN EFFECT

• Overdevelopment or underdevelopment of the centre
• Decline or death of transit
• Decline of infrastructure

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INFRASTRUCTURE SPENDING NEEDED ACTUAL
(millions)
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THE GOOD NEWS

• Theres finally a recognition of the problem
• Federal and provincial governments are
  contributing to the solution

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PROBLEMS

• Financing by PPPs
• Regional water utility
• Sewer upgrades eat up the biggest part
• No real recognition of causes

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FINANCING EXIT FROM THE CITY

• McGillivray Blvd
• Highway 90 north of Inkster
• Pembina Highway
• McPhillips
• Wilkes Ave/Sterling Lyon Pkwy
• Next Kenaston to perimeter

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REMINDERCONVENTIONAL PATTERN I CONCENTRIC
CIRCLES

• Suburbs
• Exurbs
• Downtown

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CONVENTIONAL PATTERN II

• Escalation of costs
• Tax revolt
• Edge cities

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EDGE CITIES

• Extension of the metropolitan area
• Full range of land uses
• Single-use
• Low-density
• Auto-dependent sprawl

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EFFECT ON SOCIETY AS A WHOLE

• Privatization of public space
• Decline of vertical infrastructure
• The suburban majority

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INNER-CITY DECAY

• The Bronx
• Drug wars
• Disease
• The case of Bedford-Stuyvesant

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DOWNWARD SPIRAL

• Deteriorating services
• Slumlords/loan sharks
• First wave of fires
• Abandoned buldings
• Second wave of fires

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WINNIPEG

• 1950s Lively downtown
• Declining commercial areas
• Housing decay
• Gangs
• Arson

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INTERRELATED CAUSES OF DOWNTOWN DECAY SUMMARY

• Suburban expansion
• Flight from inner city
• Concentration of poverty
• Need for road expansion
• Cuts up neighbourhoods

• Reduces their attractiveness
• Erosion of tax base
• Cuts in municipal services
• Neighbourhood decay
• Lawlessness
• Abandonment
• Fires

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POLICIES IN WINNIPEG

• WHHI
• Incentives for infill housing development
• Neighbourhoods al!ve
• Centreventure
• Zoning code review
• Fix up the damage, but dont try to stop it
• So how do we stop it?

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REVIEW

• Neighbourhood perspective
• Metropolitan perspective

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REVIEW (contd)
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REVIEW(contd)