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Sigmund Freud
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Freud's life
The life and work of Sigmund Freud, the father of
psychoanalysis. It is conceived so to offer
information about his biography, self-analysis
and work and also about the personalities who
interacted, more or less, with his ideas, with
the development and recognition of
psychoanalysis. We also offered a few
bibliographical notes, quotations and references
concerning Freud and his activity in the
psychoanalysis field. The psychoanalytical
movement started by Freud, the anti-Freudian,
dissident trends are also approached in this
site. So that we also treated on the issue of
Freudians and dissidents.
Freud's work can be divided in four major
periods 1. The exploration of neurosis, from
the inception of practice (1886) until the
"Studies on Hysteria" -1895. 2. Self-analysis -
1895-1899. 3. Id psychology, in which was
elaborated the first system of psychoanalytic
psychology - 1900-1914. 4. Ego psychology,
involving a considerable extension and
elaboration of the earlier ideas, lasting from
1914 until 1939.
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Ego, Superego and Id
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Freudian psychological reality begins with the
world, full of objects. Among them is a very
special object, the organism. The organism is
special in that it acts to survive and reproduce,
and it is guided toward those ends by its needs
-- hunger, thirst, the avoidance of pain, and
sex.A part -- a very important part -- of the
organism is the nervous system, which has as one
its characteristics a sensitivity to the
organism's needs.
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The Id
At birth, that nervous system is little more than
that of any other animal, an "it" or id. The
nervous system, as id, translates the organism's
needs into motivational forces called, in German,
Triebe, which has been translated as instincts or
drives. Freud also called them wishes. This
translation from need to wish is called the
primary process. The id works in keeping with the
pleasure principle, which can be understood as a
demand to take care of needs immediately. Just
picture the hungry infant, screaming itself blue.
It doesn't "know" what it wants in any adult
sense it just knows that it wants it and it
wants it now. The infant, in the Freudian view,
is pure, or nearly pure id. And the id is nothing
if not the psychic representative of biology.
Unfortunately, although a wish for food, such as
the image of a juicy steak, might be enough to
satisfy the id, it isn't enough to satisfy the
organism. The need only gets stronger, and the
wishes just keep coming. You may have noticed
that, when you haven't satisfied some need, such
as the need for food, it begins to demand more
and more of your attention, until there comes a
point where you can't think of anything else.
This is the wish or drive breaking into
consciousness. Luckily for the organism, there is
that small portion of the mind we discussed
before, the conscious, that is hooked up to the
world through the senses.
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The Ego
Around this little bit of consciousness, during
the first year of a child's life, some of the"it"
becomes "I," some of the id becomes ego. The ego
relates the organism to reality by means of its
consciousness, and it searches for objects to
satisfy the wishes that id creates to represent
the organisms needs. This problem-solving
activity is called the secondary process. The
ego, unlike the id, functions according to the
reality principle, which says "take care of a
need as soon as an appropriate object is found."
It represents reality and, to a considerable
extent, reason. However, as the ego struggles to
keep the id (and, ultimately, the organism)
happy, it meets with obstacles in the world. It
occasionally meets objects that actually assist
it in attaining its goals. And it keeps a record
of these obstacles and aides. In particular, it
keeps track of the rewards and punishments meted
out by two of the most influential objects in the
world of the child -- mom and dad.
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And the Superego
This record of things to avoid and strategies to
take becomes the superego. It is not completed
until about seven years of age. In some people,
it never is completed. There are two aspects to
the superego One is the conscience, which is an
internalization of punishments and warnings. The
other is called the ego ideal. It derives from
rewards and positive models presented to the
child. The conscience and ego ideal communicate
their requirements to the ego with feelings like
pride, shame, and guilt. It is as if we acquired,
in childhood, a new set of needs and accompanying
wishes, this time of social rather than
biological origins. Unfortunately, these new
wishes can easily conflict with the ones from the
id. You see, the superego represents society, and
society often wants nothing better than to have
you never satisfy your needs at all!
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The interpetation of dream's
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Freud's Book about Ego and Id
SIGMUND FREUD. The Ego and the Id.
1927.Authorized translation by Joan Riviere. The
International Psycho-Analytical Library No. 12.

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Freud's Dream Theory
According to Freud the dream fundamentally acts
as the guardian of sleep. During the night, the
mind protects the sleeper from being disturbed by
reacting to further external stimuli (noise,
temperature, light, the need to urinate, numb
arm/leg, pain, etc) as well as all internal
stimuli (emotions, fears, dissatisfaction,
desires, previous day's activity) by
manufacturing dreams. Freud's work was concerned
with internal stimuli. For a person to be able to
continue to sleep have to be disguised or
censored in some form or another. Otherwise, the
dreamer would become distressed and they would
eventually wake up. Therefore the dream, could
lead to a greater understanding of the dreamer's
subconscious.   Freud believed the dream to be
composed of two parts. The manifest and the
latent content The manifest content can be
thought of as what a person would remember as
soon as they wake - what they would consciously
describe to someone else when recalling the
dream. The latent content holds the true meaning
of the dream - the forbidden thoughts and the
unconscious desires. These appear in the
manifest content but will be disguised and
unrecognisable. Although in rare cases the
manifest and latent content can be
indistinguishable (Freud referred to these as
'Infantile dreams').   The process by which the
latent content is transformed into the manifest
content is known as the "dream work". The dream
work can disguise and distort the latent thoughts
in the following four ways
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The steps of dream
1 Condensation Two or more latent thoughts are
combined to make up one manifest dream image or
situation. 2 Displacement Instead of directing
the emotion or desire toward the intended person
or object it is transferred onto a meaningless /
unrelated object in the manifest dream.   3
Symbolism Where complex or vague concepts are
converted into a dream image. For this, the mind
may use the image of a similar sounding (more
recognisable) word instead or use a similar
looking less intrusive object. According to
Freud, dream symbols are for the most part sexual
in meaning thus many dreams (but not all) have a
sexual correlation. Freud also had a fascination
with symbols of castration, which he believed
were represented in a dream by baldness, teeth
falling out and the cutting of hair.   4
Secondary Revision This is the final stage of
the dream work. According to Freud, this is where
the dream loses 'the appearance of absurdity and
incoherence.' Freud used the method of 'free
association' to discover the underlying meaning
behind the dream (latent content). A patient
would describe a dream as accurately as possible
(manifest content). The patient would then be
told to focus on a specific element of the dream
and form as many associations as they could.
Essentially, allowing the patient to let their
mind wander. This would continue until all
manifest content associations (which had
previously been unknown to the interpreter) had
been discovered. This essentially means that the
interpreter is moving in the opposite direction
unravelling the 'dream work' until the latent
content is revealed.
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Finally Freud added
Dreams are a form of fulfilling suppressed
wishes. If a wish (likely to be sexual in origin)
goes unsatisfied during the dreamers normal day,
the mind reacts to this 'internal stimuli' by
transforming it into a visual fantasy - allowing
the dreamer to satisfy his or her desire. The
result of which is a peaceful night's sleep
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Freuds Book about dreams
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He is Freud
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Karl Landsteiner
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Karl Landsteiner was born in Vienna on June 14,
1868. After leaving school, Landsteiner studied
medicine at the Univesity os Vienna, graduating
in 1891.
Even while he was a student he had begun to do
biochemical research and in 1891 he published a
paper on the influence of diet on the composition
of blood ash. To gain further knowledge of
chemistry he spent the next five years in the
laboratories of Hantzsch at Zurich, Emil Fischer
at Wurzburg, and E. Bamberger at Munich.Returning
to Vienna, Landsteiner resumed his medical
studies at the Vienna General Hospital.
In 1911 he became Professor of Pathological
Anatomy in the University of Vienna, but without
the corresponding salary.Up to the year 1919,
after twenty years of work on pathological
anatomy, Landsteiner with a number of
collaborators had published many papers on his
findings in morbid anatomy and on immunology.
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Landsteiners work
He made fundamental contributions to our
knowledge of paroxysmal haemoglobinuria.He also
showed that the cause of poliomyelitis could be
transmitted to monkeys by injecting into them
material prepared by grinding up the spinal cords
of children who had died from this disease, and,
lacking in Vienna monkeys for further
experiments, he went to the Pasteur Intitut in
Paris, where monkeys were available. His work
there, together with that independently done by
Flexner and Lewis, laid the foundations of our
knowledge of the cause and immunology of
poliomyelitis.Landsteiner made numerous
contributions to both pathological anatomy,
histology and immunology, all of which showed,
not only his meticulous care in observation and
description, but also his biological
understanding.
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Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
But his name will no doubt always be honoured for
his discovery in 1901 of, and outstanding work
on, the blood groups, for which he was given the
Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1930.In
1875 Landois had reported that, when man is given
transfusions of the blood of other animals, these
foreign blood corpuscles are clumped and broken
up in the blood vessels of man with the
liberation of haemoglobin.
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Landsteiner's discovery
The discovery of human blood groups was made in
1901 by the famous Austrian scientist Dr. Karl
Landsteiner. He who won the Nobel Prize for his
discovery.  He divided the blood group into four
categories being A, B, AB, O . His discovery made
him understand that two distinct chemical
molecules called antigens and antibodies were
present on the surface of the red blood cells. He
found that if these categories were not matched
properly it could cause clumping or agglutination
in the arteries and veins of the recipient and
lead to a bad reaction that could sometimes even
result in loss of life.To learn more about human
blood types scientist have worked with Rhesus
monkeys as there are many similarities between
the two species. While studying them it was found
that these monkeys had a certain protein called
the Rh protein. Some people possess this protein
and are called Rh ve. If they do not have the
protein they are Rh ve. When describing the
Blood type the Rh ve or -ve is written as Ove
or ABve or O-ve or AB-ve. The Rh type is
especially important in Pregnancy.
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Blood Group