Classification

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Classification

• Cell Types
• The Six Kingdoms
• Cladistics

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Why Classification?

• It is an attempt by humans to organize living
  things into meaningful groups.
• To study the diversity of life, biologists use a
  classification system to name organisms and group
  them in a logical manner.
• This allows for universally accepted names so
  scientists know they are speaking about the same
  organism.

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Basic Classifications

• These three classifications separate organisms
  into two groups
• Cell Type
• Cell Number
• Energy Source

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Cells Type

• Prokaryote
• Eukaryote

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Cells Prokaryotes

• Simple
• No nucleus
• No membrane-enclosed organelles

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Cells Eukaryotes

• Complex
• Has a nucleus
• Many membrane-enclosed organelles

• Remember You are a Eukaryote!

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Cells Number

• Unicellular Single-celled organisms
• Multicellular Individual organism made of more
  than one cell

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Energy Source

• Autotroph produces its own food from light or
  inorganic compounds.
• Heterotroph an organism that feeds on other
  organisms or the remains of other organisms to
  get the energy necessary to survive.

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Taxonomy

• Taxonomy is the science of classifying things.
• Start with the largest category and keep dividing
  until you get to the smallest unit.

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Taxonomy Example

• Transportation
• Automobiles, Aircraft, Ships, Trains, etc.
• Automobiles
• General Motors, Ford, Toyota, Honda, etc.
• General Motors
• Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, Saturn, etc.
• Chevrolet
• Cars, SUVs, Pick-ups

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Taxonomy - Biological

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

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Taxonomy - Biological
Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates
Hominidae Homo Sapiens

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

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Taxonomy - Biological
Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates
Hominidae Homo Sapiens

• Kids
• Prefer
• Cheese
• Over
• Fried
• Green
• Spinach

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

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Plants Animals
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The Six Kingdoms

• Eubacteria
• Archeabacteria
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia

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Note the previous 5-Kingdom system had
Eubacteria and Archeabacteria in one Kingdom
called Monera
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Cladistics

• Cladistics is the newest development in
  classification
• Early classification was based on purely physical
  similarities (morphology)
• Cladistics arranges organisms based on
  evolutionary change over time
• More recently, DNA and biochemical data has been
  added to the analysis

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Cladogram

• A cladogram is a graphical representation of the
  connections between a species and its descendents.

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Cladogram

• Since cladistics is based on evolutionary theory,
  time is involved advancing from a single group
  through the many branches of its descendants.

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Cladogram

• B E are direct descendants of A
• C D are descendants of B
• C is more closely related to D than it is to F or
  G

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The End
Cell Types The Six Kingdoms Cladistics