Intro to Communication

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Intro to Communication

• cs414Karrie Karahalios

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What is Social Computer Mediated Communication?
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• Signals brief history
• Smoke signals, water flows, light
  Aeneas, 350 BC (first telegraph)
• First lighthouse, Alexandria 299 BC
• Sign language, flag signals
• Chappe audio clock, visual clock

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• Morse Code, 1832

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• Telephone, 1876

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• Arpanet, 1969

The ARPANET Completion Report, as published
jointly by BBN of Cambridge, Mass., and ARPA
concludes by stating "...it is somewhat fitting
to end on the note that the ARPANET program has
had a strong and direct feedback into the support
and strength of computer science, from which the
network itself sprung." (Chapter III, pg.132,
Section 2.3.4)
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Others have understood the communications promise
of computers. For example, in RFC 1336, David
Clark is quoted, "It is not proper to think of
networks as connecting computers. Rather, they
connect people using computers to mediate. The
great success of the internet is not technical,
but in human impact. Electronic mail may not be a
wonderful advance in Computer Science, but it is
a whole new way for people to communicate. The
continued growth of the Internet is a technical
challenge to all of us, but we must never loose
sight of where we came from, the great change we
have worked on the larger computer community, and
the great potential we have for future change."
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In order to develop this network of varied
computers, two main problems had to be solved "
1. To construct a 'subnetwork' consisting of
telephone circuits and switching nodes whose
reliability, delay characteristics, capacity, and
cost would facilitate resource sharing among
computers on the network. 2. To understand ,
design, and implement the protocols and
procedures within the operating systems of each
connected computer, in order to allow the use of
the new subnetwork by the computers in sharing
resources." (ARPA not draft, II-8)
From http//www.dei.isep.ipp.pt/acc/docs/arpa--1.
html
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Arpanet contract was awarded to BBN on 7 April
1969. BBN's proposal called for the network to
be composed of small computers known as Interface
Message Processors (more commonly known as IMPs).
The IMPs at each site performed store-and-forward
packet switching functions, and were connected to
each other using modems connected to leased lines
(initially running at 50 kbit/second). Host
computers connected to the IMPs via custom
bit-serial interfaces to connect to ARPANET.
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A ruggedized version of Honeywell's DDP-516
computer was used to build the first-generation
IMP. The 516 was originally configured with 24
kbytes of core memory (expandable) and a 16
channel Direct Multiplex Control (DMC) direct
memory access control unit. Custom interfaces
were used to connect, via the DMC, to each of the
hosts and modems. In addition to
the lamps on the front panel of the 516 there was
also a special set of 24 indicator lights to show
the status of the IMP communication channels.
Each IMP could support up to four local hosts and
could communicate with up to six remote IMPs over
leased lines.
Leonard Kleinrock and the first IMP.
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• Initial Arpanet consisted of 4 links
• UCLA
• SRI
• UCSB
• University of Utah (Graphics Dept.)
• The first ARPANET link was established on October
  29, 1969, between the IMP at UCLA and the IMP at
  SRI. By December 5, 1969, the entire 4-node
  network was connected.
  
  (from
  wikipedia)

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This first set of host protocols included a
remote login for interactive use (telnet), and a
way to copy files between remote hosts (FTP).
Crocker writes "In particular, only
asymmetric, user-server relationships were
supported. In December 1969, we met with Larry
Roberts in Utah, and he made it abundantly
clear that our first step was not big enough, and
we went back to the drawing board. Over the next
few months we designed a symmetric host-host
protocol, and we defined an abstract
implementation of the protocol known as the
Network Control Program. ("NCP" later came to be
used as the name for the protocol, but it
originally meant the program within the operating
system that managed connections. The protocol
itself was known blandly only as the host-host
protocol.) Along with the basic host-host
protocol, we also envisioned a hierarchy of
protocols, with Telnet, FTP and some splinter
protocols as the first examples. If we had only
consulted the ancient mystics, we would have seen
immediately that seven layers were required."
(RFC 1000, pg 4)
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• Network Applications
• E-mail In 1971, Ray Tomlinson of BBN sent the
  first network email 3. By 1973, 75 of the
  ARPANET traffic was email.
• File transfer By 1973, the File Transfer
  Protocol (FTP) specification had been defined and
  implemented, enabling file transfers over the
  ARPANET.
• Voice traffic A Network Voice Protocol (NVP)
  specifications was also defined (RFC 741) and
  then implemented, but conference calls over the
  ARPANET never worked well, for technical reasons
  packet voice would not become a workable reality
  for several decades.

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1970 Arpanet reached east coast (BBN)
June 1970 9 IMPS
December 1970 12 IMPS
September 1971 18 IMPS 23 hosts
August 1972 29 IMPS
September 1973 40 IMPS
June 1974 46 IMPS
July 1975 57 IMPS
1981 213 hosts
In July 1975, the network turned over to Defense
Communications Agency
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• Plato
• PLATO pioneered key concepts such as online
  forums and message boards, online testing, email,
  chat rooms, picture languages, instant messaging,
  remote screen sharing, and multiplayer online
  games.
• The name PLATO was chosen for its connection to
  teaching and only later on did it become a
  backronym. It was said that PLATO stood for
  Programmed Logic for Automated Teaching
  Operations but this was later disavowed and
  PLATO, despite usually being spelled in all caps,
  officially stood for nothing.

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Communication Applications
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• Components of Communication
• The genre or type of event (e.g. joke, story)
• The topic, or referential focus
• The purpose or function
• The setting, including location, time of day,
  physical attributes of space, etc.
• The key, or emotional tone of the event
• The participants, including their age, sex,
  ethnicity, social status, etc.
• The message form, including both vocal and
  nonvocal channels, and the nature of the code
  (which language, which variety)

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• The message content, or what is communicated
  about
• The act sequence, or ordering of
  communicative/speech acts, including turn-taking
  and overlap phenomena
• The rules for interaction, or what properties
  should be observed.
• The norms of interpretation, including the common
  knowledge, the relevant cultural presuppositions,
  or shared understandings, which allow particular
  inferences to be drawn about what is to be taken
  literally, what discounted etc.(Saville-Troike
  2003)

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Four-way distinction of message form
Saville-Troike 2003
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The Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link, 1985
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Email
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Usenet
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Zephyr ICQ Talk
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MSN, AIM
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IRC MUDs
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• Public Private messaging
• Reputation management

Ebay
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Weblogs
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Wikis
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Chat Circles - 1999
Viégas, F., Donath, J. (1999) Chat Circles.
SigCHI 1999. Donath, J., Viégas, F. (2002) The
chat circles series explorations in designing
abstract graphical communication interfaces.
Designing Interactive Systems (DIS) London,
England.
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Chat Circles - now
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Chat Circles
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Chat Circles - grafitti
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Chat Circles - grafitti
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Chat Circles - grafitti
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Chat Circles - grafitti
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Chat Circles - grafitti
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