Mr' Martins Scrumdidiliumptious Reformation Review

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Mr. Martins ScrumdidiliumptiousReformation
Review

• All of the religious differences with only half
  the calories!

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The Opening Scene

• We all know how the Reformation got its start
  (although Luther did not know he was starting a
  break with the church by posting his 95 Theses)
• The real question is

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Why did the Reformation Spread So Quickly?

• 1. New Ideas/Values (Humanism)
• 2. New Technology (Printing Press)
• 3. Changing Politics (more powerful monarchs)
• 4. Changing economics (rising trade and
  capitalism)
• 5. Extreme abuses in Church

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1. Ideas Christian Humanism

• Renaissance Humanism
• As ideas of Renaissance spread north, they become
  changed to Christian Humanism
• Best example ErasmusIn Praise of Folly
• (Also Thomas MoreUtopia)
• Christian Humanists emphasize
• Individual should read bible
• Piety simple devotion and reverence to God
  (dont be flashy)
• Church has become corruptneeds to be reformed,
  but a break not necessary

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2. Technology Printing Press

• Gutenberg designed the first workable press in
  1455
• First book printed the Bible (although it seems
  Gutenberg printed indulgences like the one at
  right first!)
• Now ideas can spread quickly, and can survive
  longer

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Paper Version
Vellum (sheepskin) Version
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3. Political Changes More Powerful Monarchs and
Nobles

• After high middle ages, early nation-states are
  forming
• Nobles and kings in places like England and
  Germany resent the Italian dominated church
• Church owns land in these kingdoms, and the Papal
  States as well
• Church has great political power and wealth that
  conflicts with local power

Julius II, the warrior Pope, did not hesitate
to involve the Church in politics or wars.
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4. Economics early capitalism

• Crusades had brought the rise of early banking
  practices bookkeeping, banks, and loans
• The Catholic Church had long viewed usury (loans)
  as a sinful practice
• New merchant classes, eager to invest, needed
  loans--disagreed with this view

The Moneylender and his Wife By Quentin Massys,
a Dutch Painter, in 1514
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5. Extreme Abuses by Church

• Selling of Indulgences had become widespread and
  blatant
• Church offices often bought by nobles for their
  sons
• Local priests were often poorly educated and
  corrupt

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First to Break (Successfully) Luther

• Luthers Main Theological Ideas
• 1. Salvation by faith alone (good works not what
  get you into heaven)
• 2. Bible (not the Pope) is the ultimate authority
• 3. All Christians are equal before God (hierarchy
  not important)

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How did Luthers ideas spread?

• 1517 Posts 95 Theses in Wittenberg
• 1520 Writes three different books, calling
  increasingly for a break with Rome
• 1521 Called before Diet of Wormsrefuses to
  recant
• 1522 Translates New Testament into German while
  hiding out in Elector Fredericks castle

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Calvinism

• John Calvin agreed with many of the ideas of
  Luther
• Took Salvation by faith alone to a new level God
  has already chosen those who will be saved and
  who will not
• This idea is known as Predestination
• Your faith will be revealed by
• Living a righteous life
• Working hard at your vocation, no matter what it
  is (work ethic)

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Calvinisms Start Geneva

• Starts in Geneva (Switzerland), where Zwingli had
  already instituted reforms (but was killed by
  Catholics)
• Geneva is run as a theocracywhere church and
  government work as one
• Strict rules, such as
• Must attend church several times a week
• No fighting, swearing, gambling, or dancing
• Harsh punishments, including execution

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Below People who would not have liked living in
John Calvins Geneva.
John Calvin These people are obviously not
members of the elect.
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The Spread of Calvinism

• Church has a democratic structure, helps local
  leaders spread faith
• Spreads from Geneva to
• Netherlands
• Scotland (Presbyterians)
• France (pockets of Huguenots)
• Parts of the Holy Roman Empire

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Anabaptists Radical Reformers

• Main beliefs
• Must make free and informed choice to be
  Christian, must be baptized as an adult
• Complete separation of Church and State
• State has no authority over true Christians
• Refused to bear arms/serve in army
• Refused to take oaths
• Are persecuted(oppressed for their beliefs)by
  all other groups!
• Ideas will develop into principles of religious
  tolerance and separation of church and state

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Anglicans A different kind of split

• Henry VIII needed a divorce
• Not granted by Pope
• Henrys solution break with Church
• Not a split over religious differences, but done
  for political reasons!

Hey ladies, you have a 50 chance of surviving
being married to me.
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Some of Henry VIIIs Ideas as he contemplated
breaking with the Catholic Church
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Outcomes of Anglicanism

• Henry makes the break official with the Act of
  Supremacy (1534)
• Now head of the Church of England, already
  divorced
• Took over the lands and money previously held by
  the Catholic Church in his kingdom
• Anglican church retains much of the Catholic
  practice, but does make some shifts toward
  Protestant practice ( ½ Cath., ½ Prot.)
• This will lead to religious conflict within
  England

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How do the Catholics Respond?

• By the Mid-1500s the Catholic Church decides to
  take a new course of action
• Three main components
• Renewed commitment, like the Jesuit Order
• Reform abuses within church and define official
  doctrine of Church (Council of Trent)
• Get rid of any heretics (any Protestants), and
  their heretical ideas (The Inquisition)

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The Jesuits

• Founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1540
• Gave up life as a noble to serve the Church
• Named The Society of Jesus or, Jesuits
• Pledged absolute obedience to the Pope
• Wore black robes, lived simply, but did not
  withdraw from world
• Emphasis on education and missionary work

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Council of Trent

• Convened in 1545, lasts until 1563
• Declares
• Salvation must come through works AND faith
• Latin Bible is only one allowed
• Church decides interpretation of Bible, not
  individuals
• Indulgences should not be sold, but should
  continue in other forms as forgiveness for sin
• Priest must follow rules of behavior, such as
  celibacy
• Priest must be trained in seminaries, cant buy
  positions

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The Inquisition

• Gave full powers to church court to seek out
  heretics
• Purged Italy of all protestants
• Begins to censor (destroy) heretical books
• Publishes Index of Prohibited Books

Before you were born, people thought this clip
was pretty funny.
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Reformation Long Term Outcomes

• In the very long run, the Reformation paved the
  way for the spread of modern ideas like
• Secularism
• Individualism
• Capitalism
• Religious Tolerance
• First, however, Europe will undergo a period of
  turmoil, with devastating religious wars in
  countries, and between them.