English Reformation

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English Reformation

• Tudor England

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I. Tudor England
a. Tudor line of Succession
a. Henry VII (1485-1509)
b. Henry VIII (1509-1547)
c. Edward VI (1547-1553)
d. Mary I (1553-1558)
e. Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
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b. Henry VII
-Brought peace to England after they were
involved in wars 100 years war
against the French
English Civil War known as the War of the Roses
(Yorks v Lancasters)
York
Tudor
Lancaster
-Lower and middle class supported Henry VII
-Saved and gave it to son when he would become
king
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c. Arranged marriage
-Henry VIIs oldest son, Arthur married Catherine
of Aragon (Ferdinand and Isabelles daughter).
-But Arthur died
-Henry VIII was now the next to take over and was
pressured by fathers executors to marry
Catherine of Aragon (his dead brothers wife)
They needed to cement the Spain-England
alliance the contract was already signed.
-Church law forbade this but Henry VII asked the
Pope and he granted it.
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d. Henry VIII
-Took over the monarchy when he was 18 years old
and married Catherine of Aragon whom was 5
years older then him.
-Henry VIII was a Renaissance Man Well-rounded
played tennis, writer, student, hunter, dancer,
music (lute), songs, astronomyused to wake up
his friend Sir Thomas More to watch the stars.
-Also big on religion, wrote an article attacking
Martin Luther A defense of the Seven Sacraments.
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e. Problem with the Marriage

• Catherine and Henry were married for 10 years
  before problems arose
• The alliance between Spain and England became
  less popular.
• 2. Henry wanted a male heir (successor)
• At this time a women didnt rule alone.
• They did have six children but only one lived
  that was Mary.
• They were not even sure if she was going to
  survive.

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f. Anne Boleyn
Henry was having an affair w/ Anne Boleyn (20
years old) She wanted to be Queen. If Henry had a
son while not being married to, the mother then
that would not count for a successor. Henry
needed to get a divorce.
g. Henry needs a way out Divorce
Henry was in his 30s and Catherine was in her
40s. Henry was haunted by a line in the Bible
that stated if you marry your dead brothers
wife you would die childless. The Pope, Clement
VII, delayed the decision (wanted to say no but
was buying time).
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Pope did this because a. Martin Luther was a
bigger concern. b. Catherine of Aragon was the
aunt of Charles V the HRE. Pope delays the final
decision and Henry grows impatient.
h. Forcing the Popes decision

• Henry wanted the Pope to declare the marriage
  annulled and that would make Mary illegitimate
• Laws passed allowing Henry to cut taxes owed to
• Rome if Pope did not grant the divorce
• 2. Archbishop died Henry named a new one
  (Thomas Cranmer) he grants the divorce.
• 3. Fined the English Clergy unless they
  recognized
• them as the head of the Church of England.

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i. New Marriage
People opposed to this, because they liked
Catherine. Henry married Anne in May of 1533 and
she gives birth in September of
1533. Problem---it was another girl, Elizabeth
People like Thomas More are killed for opposing
marriage Pope excommunicated Henry VIII
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J. Revenge by Henry
Passed laws 1. Made his divorce legal 2. Closed
monasteries and took church lands and sold
them 3. Act of SupremacyNew Church of England
(Anglican Church) In order to get a government
job you had to accept the marriage, which in turn
accepted Henry as the head of the church New
Church of England was the same as the previous
Catholic Church. Except Church service and Bible
were now in English.
The King was now the head of the Church
not the Pope.
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k. Did Henry VIII ever get that boy?
1534, Act of Succession was passed and it stated
that all children under Anne would be the next
monarchs. This made Mary illegitimate.
Henry VIII Six Wives
1. Catherine of Aragon

• Catherine of Aragon gave birth to six children.
  Only Mary lived. Later, Mary became known as
  Mary I.

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2. Anne Boleyn

• Anne Boleyn gave birth to Elizabeth, later known
  as Elizabeth I. She was accused of adultery (not
  true) and beheaded.

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3. Jane Seymour

• Jane Seymour gave birth to Edward (very sickly),
  later known as Edward VI. Jane died in child
  birth.

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4. Anne of Cleves

• Was supposed to create an alliance with Germany
• Shown a portrait that was inaccurate
• Divorced her right away because she was ugly
• Given land to leave the marriage

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5. Katherine Howard

• Katherine Howard was accused of cheating on
  Henry VIII and was put to beheaded. She had no
  children.

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6. Katherine Paar

• Katherine Paar was Henry's last wife. Katherine
  outlived Henry. She was more of a nurse than a
  wife. She was in love with Thomas Seymour.

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II. The Rest of the Tudors
a. Edward VI
Took over when he was around 9 years old. (16
Regency Rule, the top one being Jane Seymours
brother, the Duke of Summerset (Edward
Seymour) Under his reign the Church of England
becomes more Protestant (the Book of Common
Prayer) Economy falls Dies 6 years later of TB,
and he had no kids.
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b. Mary I
People cheered when Mary came to the throne, she
thought it was because she was Catholic ---but it
was because she was a Tudor. Devout Catholic and
tries to change the Church back. People did not
want that. She tortured and burned about 300
Protestants at the stake earned the nickname
of Bloody Mary. Died of Cancer leaving her
half-sister Elizabeth to take over the throne.
During her reign, many people fled England She
wanted to repeal the Act of Supremacy and have
church lands returned. She was married to Philip
II of Spain.
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Bloody Mary
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c. Elizabeth I (1533-1603)
1. Introduction
Most outstanding monarch in English
history 45 year reign and was the last Tudor.
Renaissance supporter and was
very self-confident
2. Problems when she takes over
25 years old when she takes over War with France
and conflict with Scotland Religious divisions
(in the eyes of the church she was illegitimate)
and economy was bad.
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d. Religion
-Stayed out of religious conflicts. During her
45 years, it let the Protestants establish a
church. Did not persecute Catholics. -Mary Queen
of Scots was forced out of Scotland and went to
England She was Catholic and everyone knew that
since Elizabeth did not have a child Mary Queen
of Scots was the next in line. People did not
want to go back to being Catholic. Queen found
out she was plotting to kill her and Elizabeth
had her executed in 1587.
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4. Foreign Policy
-Ends the war with France and makes
peace with Scotland -Spanish problem
Catholic country v. Protestant
country
Spanish Armada- Great Navy, set sail in 1588
Sailed in a V
formation met up with Sir Francis

Drake (2nd in command). English did not lose a
ship.
England now 1 Navy in world and
increased pride in
England. Philip II was the king of Spain.
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5. Culture
Literary development (more then music or
paintings) Shakespeare Explorersgtgt Sir Francis
Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh
6. No Heir to the Throne
Never married, no children Lived until the age of
70 and on her death be named King James VI of
Scotland as her successor (son of Mary Queen of
Scots)
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7. Accomplishments

• Smooth over Catholic
• and Protestants and
• kept the country united.
• b. 45 year reign, Golden
• Age of one of worlds
• great nations
• c. During Reign, England
• emerged as world
• power

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III. Stuart England

• a. Stuart Family
• 1. James I (1603-1625) also James VI of Scotland
• 2. Charles I (1625-1649) beheaded
• Interregnum (1649-1660) period between Monarchs
• 3. Charles II (1660-1685)
• 4. James II (1685-1688) Charless brother
• Glorious or Bloodless Revolution cast off James
  II to France
• 5. William and Mary (1688-1702)
• 6. Anne (1702-1714)

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b. People hate the Stuarts and it leads to a
Civil War
1. James I

• Religion Puritans did not like him and they fled
  to America
• Came out with the King James Bible
• Believed in Divine Right
• People could not trust him because he was a
  foreigner
• At this time, Parliament only met if king called
  one. James tried to rule without
  calling one. This led to
• big money problems.

2. Charles I

• Needed , a document waiting in exchange for the
  money called the
• Petition of Rights- 1628
• No taxation without consent of Parliament
• No imprisonment w /out a trial
• No quartering of troops

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• Signed the document to get the money but breaks
  it started to tax ignored other provisions.
• Charles I then dissolved the Parliament and rules
  for 11 years with out calling one.
• Led to a Civil War
• At first, Charles troops (Cavilers) winning (more
  organized) but then Parliament (Roundheads) wins
• Charles fled and was later caught (surrendered to
  the Scottish Army) and was executed by beheading.

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C. Interregnum (1649-1660) period between
Monarchs
The leader of England during this time was on of
the leaders of the Civil War, Oliver Cromwell The
government was not called a monarchy but a
Commonwealth Cromwell was not called a king but
the Lord Protector He acted more like a dictator.
They was more tradition with a Monarch the
people wanted to return. Shortly after
Cromwells death Parliament met in 1660 and
instead of Cromwells son taking over they
invited Charles Is son, Charles II (the exiled
Stuart) to be king. Charles II takes over and he
is very careful not to fall into the problems
that the previous Stuarts had.
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d. James II, Charless brother takes over after
his death
Apparently did not learn from his brothers
example and insisted that the King had power to
overrule any law of Parliament. He lost the
support of many people even his daughter Mary
II.
e. Glorious or Bloodless Revolution
People now did not want a king who felt that he
was above the law. Parliament invited William of
Orange (husband of Mary II) to come with an army
to protect England from their own king. James II
had fled and was making his way down the Thames
River when caught.
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f. New Monarchy
Mary II was next in line for the throne but she
would only accept it if her husband, William of
Orange, was made king. Parliament passed the Bill
of Rights. It was a law that limited the royal
power. The government would become a
Constitutional Monarchy. Bill of
Rights Monarchs could not suspend laws passed by
Parliament Free election Trial by jury William
and Mary, in order to be accepted, had to accept
the Bill of Rights Leads to the Parliaments
having more power and the kings having less to
the point where the monarchy will just be a
symbol.
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IV. Agricultural Industrial Revolution
a. What was it?
The revolutions were new methods of farming and
raising cattle. There was new machinery to
produce more food and fewer people needed to get
a particular job done. The Agricultural
Revolution freed workers to go to industry
(which opened the door to the Industrial
Revolution).
b. Where did it begin?
England
c. Why England?
1. Natural Resources (iron, coal, wool,
cotton) 2. A lot of labor (workers) 3. Stable
government which supported change and a growing
society 4. Unity of people 5. Strong market (had
colonies) 6. Good transportation system (canals
and roads)
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d. It started in England, why not other
countries?
France- Internal problems, still based on
Agricultural Did not have the same raw
materials Germany- were not united Italy
Werent united
e. Impact of the Revolution on England
?Increased the population 10mil-30mil---1850 ?Urb
anized ?New Classes
f. Negative effects of the Revolution

• Long hours (12-14 hr days)
• Low pay
• Dangerous working conditions
• Child labor (illiteracy)
• Exploitation of Women
• Slums
• Lighting bad, no health regulations

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I hope you enjoyed the class!