Secondhand Smoke

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Secondhand Smoke

• Public Health hazard

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This presentation is brought to you by the Clean
Air Manhattan coalition.

• Mission
• Protect the health of
• Manhattan residents and workers
• from the adverse effects of
• secondhand tobacco smoke.

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What is Secondhand Smoke?

• Secondhand smoke, also referred to as involuntary
  smoking, passive smoking, and environmental
  tobacco smoke (ETS), is the combination of

• sidestream smoke, smoke emitted from a burning
  tobacco product, and
  
• mainstream smoke, smoke exhaled from the lungs of
  smokers
  

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Secondhand Smokeis deadly
The CDC states that secondhand smoke is the
third leading preventable cause of death in the
United States.
It is responsible for

• At least 38,000 to 53,000 deaths a year in
  otherwise healthy nonsmokers (CDC, ACS)
  
• 330 to 590 annual Kansas deaths from others
  smoking (secondhand smoke and pregnancy smoking)
  (CTFK)
  
• 35,000 to 40,000 deaths a year from heart disease
  (ACS)
  
• 3,000 lung cancer deaths a year (ACS)

The CDC warns persons with heart disease to avoid
indoor settings where smoking is allowed because
of the risk that even short-term exposure (as
little as 30 minutes) to secondhand smoke can
trigger heart attacks.
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Secondhand smoke is a known human carcinogen

• Secondhand smoke contains

• at least 250 chemicals known to be toxic or
  carcinogenic (can cause cancer). (U.S. National
  Toxicology Program)
  
• more than 60 known and suspected carcinogens.
  (EPA)
  
• 3 carcinogens (benzene, arsenic, vinyl chloride)
  that are regulated in the U.S. as hazardous
  pollutants. (ACS)

Note Sidestream smoke from a burning tobacco
product contains larger amounts of some toxic and
cancer-causing substances than mainstream smoke
from a smokers lungs. (EPA)
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Some carcinogens in Secondhand smoke
Some of the deadly substances in secondhand smoke
and the cancers they cause are

• Arsenic, benzo(a)pyrene, cadmium, chromium,
  nickel, and NNK?lung cancer
  
• Nitrosamines ? cancers of the lung, respiratory
  system, and other organs
  
• Aromatic amines ? bladder and breast cancer
• Formaldehyde and nickel ? nasal cancer
• Benzene ? leukemia
• Vinyl chloride ? liver and brain cancer
• 2-napthalymine and 4-aminobiphenyl ? bladder
  cancer
  
• Lead ? liver cancer
• (American Cancer Society)

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Some chemicals in secondhand smoke

• Ammonia, a cleaning agent
• Acetone, used in nail polish remover
• Arsenic, a poison
• Carbon monoxide, a toxic gas
• Formaldehyde, used to preserve biological
  specimens
  
• Methane, a greenhouse gas
• Hydrogen cyanide, a poisonous gas used in gas
  chambers
  
• Tar, used to seal roads, roofs, and ship hulls
• Nicotine, a nerve poison used in insecticides at
  low concentrations, a stimulant with addictive
  properties compared to those of heroin and cocaine

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Secondhand smoke causes more than just cancer
and heart disease

• Emphysema and lung disease (ACS)
• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (2,000 a year)
  (NCI)
  
• Low birthweight births (10,000 a year) (NCI)
• Asthma (8,000-26,000 new cases and as many as 1
  million exacerbated cases in children annually)
  (CDC, NCI)
  
• Bronchitis and pneumonia (150,000 to 300,000 new
  cases a year in children under 18 months of age,
  7,500-15,000 of which require hospitalization)
  (CDC)
• Other respiratory problems like coughing, phlegm,
  chest discomfort, and reduced lung function
  (ACS)
  
• The California EPA recently concluded that
  secondhand smoke causes breast cancer in younger,
  mainly premenopausal women.

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secondhand smoke is an occupational hazard

• The 11th Report on Carcinogens by the U.S.
  National Toxicology Program stated that exposure
  to environmental tobacco smoke should be reduced
  to the lowest feasible concentration.
• Secondhand smoke in the workplace poses 200 times
  the acceptable risk of lung cancer and 2,000
  times the acceptable risk of heart disease.
  (EPA)
• Workers exposed to secondhand smoke in the
  workplace are 34 more likely to develop lung
  cancer. (CDC)
  
• Bartenders working an 8-hour shift in a smoky bar
  get the same exposure to smoke as if theyd
  smoked half a pack of cigarettes. (ACS)

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Unfair disparities
All workers deserve protection, not just
white-collar workers.

• More than three-fourths of white-collar workers
  are covered by smoke-free policies, but only 43
  of the countrys 6.6 million food preparation and
  service workers benefit from the same protection.
  (ACS)
• The tight economy means fewer choices about where
  to work. Forcing people to choose between
  supporting themselves and their families and
  protecting their health is unfair, unacceptable,
  and discriminatory.
• Somebody has to do the hospitality jobsnobody
  should have to face the hazardous (yet
  preventable) conditions they pose.
  
• Restaurant and bar workers are less likely to
  have health insurance. (ACS)
  
• African-American and Hispanic and Native
  Americans are less likely to be protected by
  smoke-free workplace policies since theyre more
  likely to work in sectors with the least amount
  of protectionservice, hospitality, and labor
  industries. (ACS)

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Eliminate the hazard by eliminating the smoke

• Simple separation of smokers and nonsmokers
  within the same air space does not eliminate
  exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. (U.S.
  Surgeon General, 1986)
• Ventilation technology does not protect people
  from secondhand smoke. The American Society for
  Heating, Refrigerating Air Conditioning
  Engineers states that the only way to
  effectively eliminate health risks associated
  with indoor exposure is to ban smoking activity.
  (ASHRAE)
• The most effective and least expensive way to
  stop exposure to secondhand smoke is to eliminate
  it. (ACS)

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Smoke-free laws save lives

• Heart attack rates in Pueblo, Colorado, dropped
  by 27 after the city passed a smoke-free
  ordinance. (AHA)
  
• During the six months that Helena, Montanas
  smoke-free law was in effect, the number of
  patients admitted for heart attacks dropped 40,
  while areas where the ban was not in force
  observed no changes in heart attack admission
  rates. (ACS)
• Smoking bans may be effective in preventing youth
  from starting to smoke. According to a Univ. of
  Mass. study of more than 2,600 youth ages 12-17,
  teens living in towns with strong smoking bans
  (including restaurants) had less than half the
  odds of becoming addicted smokers than teens
  living in towns with no ordinance, or weak ones.
  (Tobacco Control, Oct 2005 14300-306) (Note
  Almost 90 of current smokers became addicted to
  tobacco before age 18. ACS)

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Smoke-free laws protect health

• Air quality studies showed significantly reduced
  air pollution in New York (six-fold), Kentucky
  (91), and Indiana (89).
  
• In California, just one month after the law went
  into effect, 53 bartenders were found to have a
  5-7 percent improvement in their overall
  pulmonary function.
• New York City had an 11 decline in smoking
  prevalence, and an estimated 18,000 people quit
  using tobacco as a result of the ordinance.
  
• (American Cancer Society)

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Benefits of a Smoke-free workplace policy

• For the employees
• A safer, more healthful workplace for smokers and
  nonsmokers.
  
• More incentive for smokers to quit.
• Smokers appreciate a clear company policy about
  smoking at work.

• Managers appreciate a clearly defined process for
  dealing with smoking in the workplace.
  
• A well-planned and carefully implemented effort
  by the employer to address the effect of smoking
  on employees' health and the health of their
  families shows that the company cares.
• (Dept. of Health Human Services, CDC, ACS, and
  Wellness Councils of America)

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Benefits of a Smoke-free workplace policy

• For the employer
• A safer, more healthful workplace for all.
• Reduced direct health care costs to the company.
  
  
• Reduced maintenance costs without smoke, matches,
  and cigarette butts.
  
• Longer-lasting office equipment, carpets, and
  furniture.
  
• Possibility to negotiate lower health, life, and
  disability coverage as employee smoking is
  reduced.
  
• Reduced fire risk.
• (Dept. of Health Human Services, CDC, ACS, and
  Wellness Councils of America)

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Benefits of a Smoke-free workplace policy

• For the community
• Prompt more smokers to quit
• Increase the number of successful quit attempts
• Reduce the number of cigarettes that smokers
  consume
  
• Discourage youth from ever starting to smoke
• (CTFK)

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Clean indoor Air legislation

• 9 states have a comprehensive, statewide
  smoke-free lawWashington, California,
  Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Massachusetts, New
  York, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Montanas will
  be comprehensive in 2009. Florida, Idaho, and
  Utah have some form of smoke-free laws. (CTFK)
• Nationwide, 4,842 municipalities have a 100
  smoke-free indoor air law in effect for
  workplaces and/or restaurants and/or bars.
  (ANRF)
• Countries that have 100 smoke-free laws include
  most of Canada, Ireland, Norway, Scotland,
  Serbia, Sweden, Uganda, Iran, New Zealand, and
  Australia. Many others have some form of clean
  indoor air laws. (ANRF)
• Kansas has 10 communities with smoke-free
  ordinancesFairway, Lyons, Hutchinson, Lawrence,
  Concordia, Prairie Village, Abilene,
  Walton/Harvey Co., Bel Air, Salina

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• Together, lets clear the air for the health of
  all citizens, workers, and children in
  Manhattan.

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RESOURCES

• American Cancer Society (ACS) www.cancer.org
• American Heart Association (AHA)
  www.americanheart.org
  
• American Society for Heating, Refrigerating Air
  Conditioning Engineers www.ashrae.org
  
• Americans for Nonsmokers Rights (ANR)
  www.no-smoke.org
  
• Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids Foundation (CTFK)
  www.tobaccofreekids.org
  
• Centers for Disease Control (CDC) www.cdc.gov
• Clean Air Manhattan (Kansas) (CAM)
  www.cleanairmanhattan.org
  
• Dept. of Health Human Services, CDC, ACS, and
  Wellness Councils of America, "Making Your
  Workplace Smokefree A Decision Maker's Guide
  http//www.cdc.gov/tobacco/research_data/environme
  ntal/etsguide.htm
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
  www.epa.gov
  
• Kansas Department of Health and Environment
  www.kdhe.state.ks.us/tobacco
  
• National Cancer Institute (NCI) www.cancer.gov
• National Toxicology Program, U.S. Dept. of Health
  Human Services http//ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov
  
• Tobacco Control, Oct 2005 14300-306. Seigel,
  M., et. al., Effect of local restaurant wsmoking
  regulations on progression to established smoking
  among youths. http//tc.bmjjournal.com
• Tobacco Free Kansas Coalition, Inc.
  www.tobaccofreekansas.org