Gender

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Gender

• Gender Role Development

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Gender Roles

• Gender Role Stereotypes are cultural expectations
  of behaviors and traits appropriate for each sex
• the MASCULINE role is to be...
• the FEMININE role is to be...

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Gender Roles

• Sandra Bem proposed the ANDROGYNOUS gender role,
  which is a combination of both traditionally
  masculine and traditionally feminine traits

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• MASCULINE
• high masculine
• low feminine

• FEMININE
• low masculine
• high feminine

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• ANDROGYNOUS
• high masculine
• high feminine

• UNDIFFERENTIATED
• low masculine
• low feminine

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Gender Roles

• Gender Intensification Hypothesis
• Pressure to behave in sex-appropriate ways
  intensifies in adolescence
• Increases especially for girls
• Is already strong for boys since childhood
• Describe changes with age

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Gender Roles

• Even though beliefs about gender roles are more
  flexible
• Behaviors are more rigidly proscribed

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Gender Roles

• Dating may encourage gender intensification
• Males who are not masculine enough and females
  who are not feminine enough tend to be less
  popular

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Gender Roles

• Gilligan and Rogers say that for girls
• They receive mixed messages about the value of
  relations and emotions
• They realize at adolescence these traits are less
  valued in society

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Gender Roles

• Boys, on the other hand, receive more social
  pressure than girls to behave in a traditional
  manner
• Androgyny is good for females in adolescence or
  adulthood
• Androgyny creates problems for teen boys, but is
  positive to men

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Gender Roles

• The masculine component of androgyny is related
  to mental health in adolescence

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Gender Roles

• Peer acceptance during adolescence is highest for
  androgynous girls and masculine boys
• But-more masculine boys are more likely to engage
  in deviant behavior

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Gender Roles

• Even though girls receive more pressure to behave
  gender appropriately
• Girls dont have to give up masculine traits
• Boys do have to give up feminine traits

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Gender Roles

• Androgynous girls feel better about themselves
  than masculine or feminine girls
• Masculine boys feel better about themselves than
  androgynous or feminine boys

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Gender

• Gender role
• Sex typing
• Gender identification
• Gender stability
• Gender constancy
• Gender schema

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Gender

• Gender script
• Gender schema
• Why might they be called opposite?
• Post an example of a gender script/schema

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Gender

• At what age do clear differences in behavior
  emerge?
• What behaviors are different?
• Why?

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Gender

• How does the social environment of most children
  encourage gender differences?
• Mothers
• Fathers
• Other children

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Gender-Describe differences

• range of acceptable behaviors
• language and verbal abilities
• quantitative and spatial abilities
• social influence
• display of emotions and prosocial behavior
• activity and exploration aggression
• brain lateralization.

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Gender Differences

• Nature
• Nurture

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Ethology

• In Theories of Developmental Psychology
• P. H. Miller

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Ethology

• The study of
• Evolutionarily significant behavior of a species
  in its natural surroundings
• Studies behavior in terms of
• Biology
• Evolution/survival value

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Ethology

• Studies humans in terms of
• Context within animal world
• Through careful observation in the natural
  habitat

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Ethology

• Species Specific Innate Behavior
• Stereotyped in form
• Not learned
• Universal for species
• Relatively unchanged by learning/experience

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Ethological Methodology-Naturalistic Observation

• 1. Develop an ethogram
• 2. Classify behaviors according to their function
• which drives are served
• how is survival encouraged?

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Ethological Methodology-Naturalistic Observation

• 3. Compare behaviors with other species
• especially closely related species
• 4. Study behavior in lab
• look at immediate causes

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Ethological Methodology-Laboratory Studies

• Looking for phylogenetic as well as immediate
  cause
• Classic study is a deprivation study
• Other studies clarify variable and physiological
  mechanisms underlying them
• E focuses lab studies on behaviors that are
  tailored to the survival of the species

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Ethology-Mechanisms of Dev.

• Stress biological mechanisms
• physical maturation
• hormonal changes
• locomotor development
• increased efficiency of nervous system
• above underlie emergence of sensitive periods
• above interact with experience
• learning abilities in the nervous system allow
  individual to benefit from experience

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Ethology-Human Nature

• Social animals with species-specific
  characteristics
• Characteristics serve (or once served) a survival
  purpose
• Current E views individual as more active and
  spontaneous in meeting demands of environment
• Child is active and self-regulating

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Ethology-Nature vs. Nurture

• Interactionists
• Sensitive periods

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Essay Questions

• Lets say you wanted to study Gender Role
  Development from an Ethological perspective.
  Using specific examples from the VHM chapter,
  support your decision. How and why might do this?
  Be sure to refer to 4 characteristics of innate
  behavior, naturalistic observation, lab studies,
  mechanisms of development, human nature, nature
  vs. nurture, strengths and weaknesses of the
  theory.

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Essay Questions

• Lets say you wanted to study Moral Development
  from an Ethological perspective. Using specific
  examples from the VHM chapter, support your
  decision. How and why might do this? Be sure to
  refer to 4 characteristics of innate behavior,
  naturalistic observation, lab studies, mechanisms
  of development, human nature, nature vs. nurture,
  strengths and weaknesses of the theory.

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Essay Questions

• Lets say you wanted to study Gender Role
  Development from a Social Learning Theory
  perspective. Using specific examples from the VHM
  chapter, support your decision. How and why might
  do this? Be sure to refer to Socialization
  processes, reinforcement, punishment, social
  behavior and social contexts of behavior,
  observable behaviors and underlying cognitive
  processes, SLT methodology, strengths and
  weaknesses of the theory.

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Essay Questions

• Lets say you wanted to study Moral Development
  from a Social Learning Theory perspective. Using
  specific examples from the VHM chapter, support
  your decision. How and why might do this? Be sure
  to refer to Socialization processes,
  reinforcement, punishment, social behavior and
  social contexts of behavior, observable behaviors
  and underlying cognitive processes, SLT
  methodology, strengths and weaknesses of the
  theory.

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The End
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