Ribose

1
5
Uracil
Ribose
Ribose
Adenine
Cytosine
Ribose
Guanine
Ribose
3
2
Growing RNA strand
Template DNA strand
5' end
3' direction
Nucleotide added to growing chain by RNA
polymerase
3' end
5' end
3
Promoter region
mRNA termination sequence
Transcribed region
5
5
3
3
Upstream leader sequences
Downstream trailing sequences
Protein-coding sequences Translated region
Start codon
Stop codon
OH 3 end
mRNA
5 end
Polypeptide
4
Direction of transcription
RNA polymerase
Rewinding of DNA
Unwinding of DNA
Upstream
Downstream
3
3
DNA
5
5
DNA template strand
5
Promoter region
Termination sequence
mRNA transcript
(a)
mRNA transcript
mRNA transcript
5
5
Gene 2
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
Gene 1
Gene 3
5
mRNA transcript
(b)
5
Promoter region
mRNA termination sequence
Transcribed region
5
5
3
3
Upstream leader sequences
Downstream trailing sequences
Protein-coding sequences Translated region
Start codon
Stop codon
OH 3 end
mRNA
5 end
Polypeptide
6
Direction of transcription
RNA polymerase
Rewinding of DNA
Unwinding of DNA
Upstream
Downstream
3
3
DNA
5
5
DNA template strand
5
Promoter region
Termination sequence
mRNA transcript
(a)
mRNA transcript
mRNA transcript
5
5
Gene 2
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
Gene 1
Gene 3
5
mRNA transcript
(b)
7
Second letter
U
C
A
G
Stop Codon
U C A G
U
Start Codon
U C A G
C
First letter (5 end)
Third letter (3 end)
U C A G
A
U C A G
G
8
OH 3 end
Loop 3
Amino acid accepting end
5
3
OH 5 end
Hydrogen bonds
Loop 3
Loop 1
Loop 1
Modified nucleotides
Loop 2
Loop 2
Anticodon
Anticodon
(a)
(b)
9
Figure 39-2Page 746
Cytoplasm of Schwann cell
Collateral branch
Axon
Dendrites covered with dendritic spines
Synaptic terminals
Nucleus
Myelin sheath
Cell body
Nucleus
Axon
Nodes of Ranvier
Schwann cell
Terminal branches
10
Figure 4-8(2)Page 72
Plasma membrane
Nuclear envelope
Lysosome
Cristae
Ribosomes
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Mitochondrion
Rough and smooth endoplastic reticulum (ER)
Centrioles
11
Figure 4-12Page 80
ER lumen
Mitochondrion
Ribosomes
Rough ER
1µm
Smooth ER
12
Leader sequence
5
3
mRNA
Initiation factor
Small ribosomal subunit
Start codon
13
fMet
5
3
Initiator tRNA
3
5
14
P site
Large ribosomal subunit
fMet
E site
A site
5
3
Initiation complex
15
tRNA with an amino acid
Amino acids
Amino acids
GDP
GTP
E
P
A
E
P
A
Aminoacyl tRNA binds to codon in A site
3
5
5
mRNA
Ribosome ready to accept another aminoacyl tRNA
Peptide bond formation
(continue to next slide)
16
Amino end of polypeptide
Translocation toward 3 end of mRNA
E
P
A
GTP
GDP
3
5
17
Release factor
E
P
A
mRNA
Stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA)
18
Polypeptide chain is released
E
P
mRNA
Stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA)
19
Large ribosomal subunit
Release factor
mRNA
tRNA
20
Figure 12-14Page 246
Inactive DNA segment
RNA polymerase
Active DNA segment
Direction of RNA synthesis
Active DNA segment
Ribosomes
Poly- ribosome
Direction of protein synthesis
0.5 µm
(a)
mRNA
(b)
21
Nontemplate strand
Transcription
DNA
Template strand
mRNA (complementary copy of template DNA strand)
Codon 1
Codon 2
Codon 3
Codon 4
Codon 5
Codon 6
Polypeptide
Translation
22
mRNA termination sequence
1st exon
1st intron
2nd exon
2nd intron
3rd exon
Promoter
Template DNA strand
Transcription, capping of 5 end
7-methylguanosine cap
5 end
Stop codon
Start codon
(continue to next slide)
23
Small ribonucleoprotein complex
1st intron
2nd intron
AAA... Poly-A tail 3 end
5' end
(continue to next slide)
24
1st exon
2nd exon
3rd exon
AAA... Poly-A tail 3 end
5' end
Protein-coding region
(continue to next slide)
25
Nuclear pore
Nuclear envelope
Cytosol
Transport through nuclear envelope to cytosol
AAA... Poly-A tail 3' end
5' end
Leader
Start codon
Stop codon