The Chemistry of Organic Molecules

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The Chemistry of Organic Molecules
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THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE

• 1. WHAT ARE ORGANIC MOLECULES?
• 2. WHAT ARE THE STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE
  DIFFERENT TYPES OF MACROMOLECULES
• A. Carbohydrates (MONOSACCHARIDES, DISACCHARIDES,
  POLYSACCHARIDES)
• B. Lipids (FATS, OILS,WAXES, STEROIDS,
  PHOSPHOLIPIDS)
• C. Proteins
• D. Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA, ATP)

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EXTRA CREDIT ACTIVITY

• Make a chart for the macromolecules with the
  following headings
• Name of organic molecule, Structural units,
  Elements, Examples, Sources, and Function
• Fill in the chart using your notes and the book
• DUE THE DAY OF YOUR EXAM I
• (will not be accepted late)

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Organic Molecules

• THE MOST COMMON ELEMENTS OF LIFE ARE CHNOPS
• THE TOP 4 ARE CHNO, 95 OF THE BODY WEIGHT
• ORGANIC MOLECULES MUST HAVE C H TOGETHER!
• INORGANIC MOLECULES DO NOT HAVE C H TOGETHER BUT
  MAY STILL BE IMPORTANT TO LIFE SUCH AS NaCl

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Carbon Atom

• Carbon atoms contain a total of 6 electrons,
  with only four in the outer shell.
• Very diverse as it can bond with up to four
  different elements.
• Often shares with other carbon atoms, producing
  long carbon chains OR rings
• Hydrocarbons are chains of carbon bonded only to
  hydrogen atoms.

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Functional Groups and Isomers

• Functional groups are specific combinations of
  bonded atoms that always react in the same
  manner, regardless of the particular carbon
  skeleton.
• Determine polarity of organic molecule.

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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

• THOSE THAT ARE POLAR (/-) MAKE THESE LARGE
  MOLECULES HYDROPHILIC (ATTRACTED TO WATER)
• THOSE THAT ARE NONPOLAR (NEUTRAL) ARE
  HYDROPHOBIC
• HYDROCARBONS IN GENERAL ARE HYDROPHOBIC UNLESS
  THEY HAVE POLAR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

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Isomers

• Isomers are organic molecules that have identical
  molecular formulas but a different arrangement of
  atoms.

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MACROMOLECULES ARE MADE OF MONOMERS

• THEREFORE MACROMOLECULES ARE POLYMERS. SOME
  CONTAIN MILLIONS OF MONOMERS
• MONOMERMONOMER H 2O POLYMER
• CONDENSATION OR DEHYDRATION
• POLYMER H 2O MONOMERS
• HYDROLYSIS OR HYDRATION

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Macromolecules

• Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
  acids are referred to as macromolecules because
  of their large size.
• Polymers are made up of monomers.
• Dehydration - Removal of water molecule.
• Hydrolysis - Addition of water molecule.
• Enzymes speed up reactions.

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Carbohydrates

• Used as immediate energy sources.
• Monosaccharides - Single sugar molecule.
• Glucose, ribose, deoxyribose,fructose
• Disaccharides - Contain two monosaccharides
  joined during dehydration reaction.
• Sucrose
• Polysaccharides - Polymers of monosaccharides.
• Starch, cellulose, chitin

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MONOSACCHARIDE GLUCOSE
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Fig. 3.6
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Carbohydrates

• Used as immediate energy sources.
• Monosaccharides - Single sugar molecule.
• Glucose, ribose, deoxyribose,fructose
• Disaccharides - Contain two monosaccharides
  joined during dehydration reaction.
• Sucrose, Lactose,maltose
• Polysaccharides - Polymers of monosaccharides.
• Starch, cellulose, chitin

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DISACCHARIDE
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Carbohydrates

• Used as immediate energy sources.
• Monosaccharides - Single sugar molecule.
• Glucose, ribose, deoxyribose,fructose
• Disaccharides - Contain two monosaccharides
  joined during dehydration reaction.
• Sucrose, Lactose,maltose
• Polysaccharides - Polymers of monosaccharides.
• Starch, cellulose, chitin,glycogen

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Fig. 3.9a
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Lipids

• Insoluble in water due to hydrocarbon chains.
• Fats
• Glycerol - Contains three OH- groups.
• Triglycerides - Three fatty acids attached to
  each glycerol molecule.
• Fatty acid consists of long hydrocarbon chain.
• Saturated - No double bonds.
• Unsaturated - Double bonds.

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Fat and Fatty Acids
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Lipids

• Waxes
• Long-chain fatty acid bonds with a long-chain
  alcohol.
• High melting point
• Waterproof
• Resistant to degradation

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Fig. 3.14b
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Lipids

• Phospholipids
• Instead of third fatty acid attached to glycerol
  as in fat, there is a polar phosphate group.
• Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
• Arrange themselves so polar heads are adjacent to
  water.
• Bulk of cell plasma membrane consists of
  phospholipid bilayer.

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Phospholipids
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Lipids

• Steroid
• Have skeletons of four fused carbon rings.
• Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen

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Table 3.3
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Proteins

• Functions
• Support
• Enzymes
• Transport
• Defense
• Hormones
• Motion

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Proteins

• Amino acids are subunits of proteins.
• Bond to a hydrogen atom, an amino group -NH2, an
  acidic group -COOH, and an R (remainder) group.
• Peptide Bond - Covalent bond between two amino
  acids.
• Peptide - Two or more amino acids bonded
  together.
• Polypeptide - Chain of many amino acids joined by
  peptide bonds.

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Proteins

• Protein Structure
• Primary - Sequence of amino acids.
• .

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Proteins

• Protein Structure
• Secondary - Polypeptide coils or folds in a
  particular fashion.

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Proteins

• Protein Structure
• Tertiary - Folding and twisting that results in
  final three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide.
• Quaternary - Consists of more than one
  polypeptide.

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Protein Folding Diseases

• As proteins are being synthesized, chaperones
  bind and prevent incorrect interactions.
• Mad cow disease is an example of a category of
  fatal brain diseases TSEs, that could be due to
  misfolded proteins.

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Nucleic Acids

• Polymers of nucleotides with very specific cell
  functions.
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• Double stranded
• RNA (ribonucleic acid)
• Single stranded
• Every nucleotide is made up of phosphate, pentose
  sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
• Complementary base pairing

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DNA
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RNA
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Nucleic Acids

• ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is composed of
  adenine and ribose.
• In cells, the terminal phosphate bond is
  hydrolyzed to give the molecule ADP (adenosine
  diphosphate) and a phosphate molecule.
• Releases energy

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