Earth, Moon and Mars: How They Work

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Earth, Moon and Mars How They Work
Professor Michael Wysession Department of Earth
and Planetary Sciences Washington University, St.
Louis, MO Lecture 12 Other Earths?
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Sand Dunes
Earth Mars
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Desert Pavement
Earth Mars
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Dust Devils
Earth
Mars
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Dust Storm
Earth Mars
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Lightning
Earth Saturn
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Aurora
Earth Jupiter
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Crustal Rift
Earth Enceladus
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Slumping
Earth Mars
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Rock Avalanche
Earth Mars
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Water Ice Caps
Earth Mars
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Glacial Moraine
Earth Mars
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Streams
Earth Titan
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Stream Meander

Earth Mars
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Lakes
Titan Earth
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Geyser
Earth Enceladus
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Water Ocean
Earth Europa
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Lava Flow
Earth Venus
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Valley
Earth Mars
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Volcanic Eruption
Earth Io
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Earthquake
Earth Moon
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Meteor Impact Crater
Earth Moon
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Weathering
Earth Titan
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Hurricane
Earth Jupiter
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Storms
Earth Jupiter
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Life
Earth Mars
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Life
Earth Mars???
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No other planet comes close to Earth with respect
to the diversity of its environments, and nowhere
else do we see plate tectonics.
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Natural Selection
Evolution
Reproduction
Mutation
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Fall
Adaptation to environmental change deciduous
trees.
Summer
Winter
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Many pines (e.g., Lodgepole Pine) release seeds
after a fire (heat melts away sealing resin).
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DISPERSAL Seeds, burrs, spores, etc.
Milkweed The densely packed fruits peel away and
are carried away by the wind.
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Locomotion Flying, swimming, crawling, etc.
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INVASION Ex/ Kudzu
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INVASION Ex/ European Starlings
100 European Starlings brought to NY City in late
1800s. Now more than 200 million in North
America.
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Predation teeth, stingers, poison, etc.
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Evasion camouflage, speed, multiple offspring,
etc.
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17-year Cicada (13 and 17 are prime numbers!)
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Prickly Pear brought to Queensland, Australia
in 1839. More than 60,000,000 acres covered by
1925, the arrival of the cactoblastis moth.
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Cactus Moth (Cactoblastis cactorum)
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Opuntia in Australia before (above) and after
(below) release of Cactoblastis moths
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Now, occasional flare-ups of prickly pear and
cactoblastis.
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Parasites
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Symbiosis Ex/ Mitochondria, Chloroplasts in
eukaryotic cells
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
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Symbiosis Ex/ Ants and Acacia trees.
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Symbiosis Ex/ Chempedak trees, choanephora
fungus, gall midges
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Attracting Mates
Bower bird
Peacock
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DNA Very powerful way of encoding traits. gt95
of the genes of mice and men are similar. 80
have identical 1-to-1 counterparts.
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The concestor of all life on Earth
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Where life may have started Deep sea vents

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• The Anthropic Principle, or Goldilocks Enigma
• The very existence of stars and planets requires
  very narrow bounds on the fundamental laws of the
  Universe.
• Four fundamental forces
• Gravity
• Electromagnetism
• Strong nuclear force
• Weak nuclear force

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• If Strong Nuclear Force slightly larger
• All of the hydrogen in the universe would have
  converted to helium in the early universe
• No water!!
• No long-lived stars.

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• If Strong Nuclear Force slightly smaller
• No elements greater than hydrogen.

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• If Gravity slightly larger
• Stars burn up fast.
• Tendency toward massive stars and black holes.

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• If Gravity slightly smaller
• No stars or planets form.
• Universe is a diffuse cloud of hydrogen and
  helium.

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Possible Solutions to the Goldilocks Enigma The
Absurd Universe It just happens to turn out this
way by random chance.
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The Unique Universe There is a deep underlying
principle of physics that requires the universe
to be this way. Some Theory of Everything will
explain why the various features of the Universe
must have exactly the values that we see. We just
havent found it yet.
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The Life Principle There is an underlying
principle that constrains the universe to evolve
towards life and mind. Again, we havent found
what it is yet.
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The Fake Universe We are living in a virtual
reality simulation as in the movie The Matrix.
The real world could have rules that are much
simpler and more obvious.
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The Designed Universe An intelligent Creator
designed the Universe specifically to support
complexity and the emergence of
Intelligence. Though in this case, we still have
the question of what created the creator, and we
have to go through this whole analysis again on
the creation of a god.
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• The Multiverse
• Multiple Universes exist, maybe an infinite
  number.
• They have all possible combinations of
  characteristics.
• We, of course, find ourselves within the one that
  supports our existence.
• Is an outcome of string theory
• Solves time-traveler paradox

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Rare Earth Situation Conditions required for
intelligent life to evolve on a planet are
exceedingly rare. Another Goldilocks Enigma!
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We are at the right location in the right kind of
galaxy About 5-10 of stars are in a narrow
middle zone in spiral galaxies
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Our Sun isnt too small For small stars, the
habitable zone is close to sun Danger of solar
flares Planets usually tidally locked (one side
is burning, one side freezing) Small stars
90 of all stars
Small Star
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Our Sun isnt too large Large stars Burn out
quickly Give off too much UV (Many stars
have highly variable energy output --- changes
habitable zone location!!)
Massive Star
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Our Sun is just the right size Stars like our
sun 5 of stars
Medium-sized Star
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We are the right distance from our Sun The Suns
habitable zone is 0.95 to 1.15 AU (5 closer
than Earth to 15 farther)
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• We are the right distance from our Sun
• The Suns EM output is increasing by 1 every 100
  Ma
• But, Earths internal radiogenic heat production
  is decreasing over time!

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Jupiter is (currently) just the right kind of
shepherd Protects Earth from bombardment Not
too big or orbit too elliptical
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Jupiter is just the right kind of shepherd
Extrasolar Jupiters have been bad Jupiters
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Earth is the right-sized planet Too small, no
atmosphere too large --gt all HHe
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Earth is the right-sized planet Large planets
Attract too many impactors Big g might level
lands (single ocean would mean no land-feedback
mechanism for regulating CO2)
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Earth has the right composition Good balance of
rock metals volatiles life uses lots of
different elements
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Earth has the right composition Good good amount
of radiogenic isotopes Keeps Earth geologically
alive, powers mantle convection, drives plate
tectonics --gt land, air, water! Creates many
different ecological niches microclimates --gt
promotes biodiversity!
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Earth has a nearly circular orbit Keeps it in
the habitable zone with liquid water Ocean
absorbs CO2, prevents runaway Greenhouse
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Earth has a large Moon Moon acts like a large
gyroscope minimizes changes in tilt of Earths
axis -- maintains climate stability
Milankovitch cycles are small compared to other
planets
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Earth has a large Moon Protomoon impact gave
Earth its large iron core Large, strong
geodynamo produces large magnetic field --
protective magnetosphere!
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Earth has a fast rotation Keeps day/night ?T
small Helps power magnetogeodynamo
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This was not always viewed to be the case Frank
Drake Carl Sagan SETI
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Drake Equation N (R) (fs) (fp) (ne) (fl) (fi)
(fc) (L) (Finds the number of intelligent
civilizations able to communicate within our
galaxy)
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Drake Equation N (R) (fs) (fp) (ne) (fl) (fi)
(fc) (L) (Finds the number of intelligent
civilizations able to communicate within our
galaxy) NAME
DESCRIPTION
R Average rate of Star formation (per year)

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Drake Equation N (R) (fs) (fp) (ne) (fl) (fi)
(fc) (L) (Finds the number of intelligent
civilizations able to communicate within our
galaxy) NAME
DESCRIPTION
R Average rate of Star formation (per year)
fs Fraction of
stars that are suitable "suns" for planetary
systems
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Drake Equation N (R) (fs) (fp) (ne) (fl) (fi)
(fc) (L) (Finds the number of intelligent
civilizations able to communicate within our
galaxy) NAME
DESCRIPTION
R Average rate of Star formation (per year)
fs Fraction of
stars that are suitable "suns" for planetary
systems fp Fraction of suitable suns
with planetary systems
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Drake Equation N (R) (fs) (fp) (ne) (fl) (fi)
(fc) (L) (Finds the number of intelligent
civilizations able to communicate within our
galaxy) NAME
DESCRIPTION
R Average rate of Star formation (per year)
fs Fraction of
stars that are suitable "suns" for planetary
systems fp Fraction of suitable suns
with planetary systems ne
Number of planets in the Continuously Habitable
Zone
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Drake Equation N (R) (fs) (fp) (ne) (fl) (fi)
(fc) (L) (Finds the number of intelligent
civilizations able to communicate within our
galaxy) NAME
DESCRIPTION
R Average rate of Star formation (per year)
fs Fraction of
stars that are suitable "suns" for planetary
systems fp Fraction of suitable suns
with planetary systems ne
Number of planets in the Continuously Habitable
Zone fl Fraction of these
planets on which life actually originates
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Drake Equation N (R) (fs) (fp) (ne) (fl) (fi)
(fc) (L) (Finds the number of intelligent
civilizations able to communicate within our
galaxy) NAME
DESCRIPTION
R Average rate of Star formation (per year)
fs Fraction of
stars that are suitable "suns" for planetary
systems fp Fraction of suitable suns with
planetary systems ne
Number of planets in the Continuously Habitable
Zone fl Fraction of these
planets on which life actually originates fi
Fraction of these planets on which life
eventually becomes "intelligent"
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Drake Equation N (R) (fs) (fp) (ne) (fl) (fi)
(fc) (L) (Finds the number of intelligent
civilizations able to communicate within our
galaxy) NAME
DESCRIPTION
R Average rate of Star formation (per year)
fs Fraction of
stars that are suitable "suns" for planetary
systems fp Fraction of suitable suns with
planetary systems ne
Number of planets in the Continuously Habitable
Zone fl Fraction of these
planets on which life actually originates fi
Fraction of these planets on which life
eventually becomes "intelligent" fe
Fraction of intelligent species of these planets
that develop a desire to communicate w/
others
94
Drake Equation N (R) (fs) (fp) (ne) (fl) (fi)
(fc) (L) (Finds the number of intelligent
civilizations able to communicate within our
galaxy) NAME
DESCRIPTION
R Average rate of Star formation (per year)
fs Fraction of
stars that are suitable "suns" for planetary
systems fp Fraction of suitable suns with
planetary systems ne
Number of planets in the Continuously Habitable
Zone fl Fraction of these
planets on which life actually originates fi
Fraction of these planets on which life
eventually becomes "intelligent" fe
Fraction of intelligent species of these planets
that develop a desire to communicate w/
others L Average or mean lifetime (in
years) of a communicative civilization
95
Drake Equation N (R) (fs) (fp) (ne) (fl) (fi)
(fc) (L) (Finds the number of intelligent
civilizations able to communicate within our
galaxy) NAME
DESCRIPTION
R Average rate of Star formation (per year)
fs Fraction of
stars that are suitable "suns" for planetary
systems fp Fraction of suitable suns with
planetary systems ne
Number of planets in the Continuously Habitable
Zone fl Fraction of these
planets on which life actually originates fi
Fraction of these planets on which life
eventually becomes "intelligent" fe
Fraction of intelligent species of these planets
that develop a desire to communicate w/
others L Average or mean lifetime (in
years) of a communicative civilization
N Number of intelligent civilizations within our
galaxy able to communicate
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Drake Equation N (R) (fs) (fp) (ne) (fl) (fi)
(fc) (L) (Finds the number of intelligent
civilizations able to communicate within our
galaxy) NAME
DESCRIPTION
Estimate R Average rate of Star formation (per
year) 6 fs
Fraction of stars that are suitable "suns" for
planetary systems fp Fraction of suitable
suns with planetary systems ne
Number of planets in the Continuously
Habitable Zone fl Fraction of
these planets on which life actually originates
fi Fraction of these planets on which life
eventually becomes "intelligent" fe
Fraction of intelligent species of these planets
that develop a desire to communicate w/
others L Average or mean lifetime (in
years) of a communicative civilization
N Number of intelligent civilizations within our
galaxy able to communicate
97
Drake Equation N (R) (fs) (fp) (ne) (fl) (fi)
(fc) (L) (Finds the number of intelligent
civilizations able to communicate within our
galaxy) NAME
DESCRIPTION
Estimate R Average rate of Star formation (per
year) 6 fs
Fraction of stars that are suitable "suns" for
planetary systems 1/20 fp Fraction of
suitable suns with planetary systems
ne Number of planets in the
Continuously Habitable Zone fl
Fraction of these planets on which life actually
originates fi Fraction of these planets
on which life eventually becomes "intelligent"
fe Fraction of intelligent species of
these planets that develop a desire to
communicate w/ others L Average or mean
lifetime (in years) of a communicative civiliza
tion N Number of intelligent civilizations
within our galaxy able to communicate
98
Drake Equation N (R) (fs) (fp) (ne) (fl) (fi)
(fc) (L) (Finds the number of intelligent
civilizations able to communicate within our
galaxy) NAME
DESCRIPTION
Estimate R Average rate of Star formation (per
year) 6 fs
Fraction of stars that are suitable "suns" for
planetary systems 1/20 fp Fraction of
suitable suns with planetary systems
1/2 ne Number of planets in the
Continuously Habitable Zone fl
Fraction of these planets on which life actually
originates fi Fraction of these planets
on which life eventually becomes "intelligent"
fe Fraction of intelligent species of
these planets that develop a desire to
communicate w/ others L Average or mean
lifetime (in years) of a communicative civiliza
tion N Number of intelligent civilizations
within our galaxy able to communicate
99
Drake Equation N (R) (fs) (fp) (ne) (fl) (fi)
(fc) (L) (Finds the number of intelligent
civilizations able to communicate within our
galaxy) NAME
DESCRIPTION
Estimate R Average rate of Star formation (per
year) 6 fs
Fraction of stars that are suitable "suns" for
planetary systems 1/20 fp Fraction of
suitable suns with planetary systems
1/2 ne Number of planets in the
Continuously Habitable Zone 1/150 fl
Fraction of these planets on which life
actually originates fi Fraction of these
planets on which life eventually
becomes "intelligent" fe Fraction of
intelligent species of these planets that develop
a desire to communicate w/ others L
Average or mean lifetime (in years) of a
communicative civilization N Number of
intelligent civilizations within our galaxy able
to communicate
100
Drake Equation N (R) (fs) (fp) (ne) (fl) (fi)
(fc) (L) (Finds the number of intelligent
civilizations able to communicate within our
galaxy) NAME
DESCRIPTION
Estimate R Average rate of Star formation (per
year) 6 fs
Fraction of stars that are suitable "suns" for
planetary systems 1/20 fp Fraction of
suitable suns with planetary systems
1/2 ne Number of planets in the
Continuously Habitable Zone 1/150 fl
Fraction of these planets on which life
actually originates 1 fi Fraction of these
planets on which life eventually
becomes "intelligent" fe Fraction of
intelligent species of these planets that develop
a desire to communicate w/ others L
Average or mean lifetime (in years) of a
communicative civilization N Number of
intelligent civilizations within our galaxy able
to communicate
101
Drake Equation N (R) (fs) (fp) (ne) (fl) (fi)
(fc) (L) (Finds the number of intelligent
civilizations able to communicate within our
galaxy) NAME
DESCRIPTION
Estimate R Average rate of Star formation (per
year) 6 fs
Fraction of stars that are suitable "suns" for
planetary systems 1/20 fp Fraction of
suitable suns with planetary systems
1/2 ne Number of planets in the
Continuously Habitable Zone 1/150 fl
Fraction of these planets on which life
actually originates 1 fi Fraction of these
planets on which life eventually
becomes 1/500 "intelligent" fe Fraction
of intelligent species of these planets that
develop a desire to communicate w/
others L Average or mean lifetime (in
years) of a communicative civilization
N Number of intelligent civilizations within our
galaxy able to communicate
102
Drake Equation N (R) (fs) (fp) (ne) (fl) (fi)
(fc) (L) (Finds the number of intelligent
civilizations able to communicate within our
galaxy) NAME
DESCRIPTION
Estimate R Average rate of Star formation (per
year) 6 fs
Fraction of stars that are suitable "suns" for
planetary systems 1/20 fp Fraction of
suitable suns with planetary systems
1/2 ne Number of planets in the
Continuously Habitable Zone 1/150 fl
Fraction of these planets on which life
actually originates 1 fi Fraction of these
planets on which life eventually
becomes 1/500 "intelligent" fe Fraction
of intelligent species of these planets that
develop 1/2 a desire to communicate w/
others L Average or mean lifetime (in
years) of a communicative civilization
N Number of intelligent civilizations within our
galaxy able to communicate
103
Drake Equation N (R) (fs) (fp) (ne) (fl) (fi)
(fc) (L) (Finds the number of intelligent
civilizations able to communicate within our
galaxy) NAME
DESCRIPTION
Estimate R Average rate of Star formation (per
year) 6 fs
Fraction of stars that are suitable "suns" for
planetary systems 1/20 fp Fraction of
suitable suns with planetary systems
1/2 ne Number of planets in the
Continuously Habitable Zone 1/150 fl
Fraction of these planets on which life
actually originates 1 fi Fraction of these
planets on which life eventually
becomes 1/500 "intelligent" fe Fraction
of intelligent species of these planets that
develop 1/2 a desire to communicate w/
others L Average or mean lifetime (in
years) of a communicative 1,000,000 civilization
N Number of intelligent civilizations within
our galaxy able to communicate
104
Drake Equation N (R) (fs) (fp) (ne) (fl) (fi)
(fc) (L) (Finds the number of intelligent
civilizations able to communicate within our
galaxy) NAME
DESCRIPTION
Estimate R Average rate of Star formation (per
year) 6 fs
Fraction of stars that are suitable "suns" for
planetary systems 1/20 fp Fraction of
suitable suns with planetary systems
1/2 ne Number of planets in the
Continuously Habitable Zone 1/150 fl
Fraction of these planets on which life
actually originates 1 fi Fraction of these
planets on which life eventually
becomes 1/500 "intelligent" fe Fraction
of intelligent species of these planets that
develop 1/2 a desire to communicate w/
others L Average or mean lifetime (in
years) of a communicative 1,000,000 civilization
N Number of intelligent civilizations within
our galaxy able to 1 (Us!) communicate
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Arthur Clarke Sometimes I think were alone in
the universe, and sometimes I think were not. In
either case, the idea is quite staggering. Fermi
s Paradox Where is everybody?
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Fermis Paradox Where is everybody? Maybe
these civilizations have tried to contact us, but
we dont recognize the signs? Maybe its harder
to get a message across space than we
think? Maybe we arent looking in the right
places, or at the right things? Maybe the
creatures are too alien to be able to communicate
with us? Maybe they all eventually choose to be
non-technical? Maybe they run out of
resources? Maybe civilizations dont last long?
Maybe it is the nature of intelligent life to
destroy itself? Or to destroy others? Maybe
everyone is quiet because everyone is
quiet? Maybe they are intentionally avoiding
contacting us? the zoo hypothesis. Maybe ---
theyre not there?
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Travertine-like deposits?
Earth Mars