Earth, Moon and Mars: How They Work

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Earth, Moon and Mars How They Work
Professor Michael Wysession Department of Earth
and Planetary Sciences Washington University, St.
Louis, MO Lecture 5 Earths Life
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Natural Selection
Evolution
Reproduction
Mutation
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Fall
Adaptation to environmental change deciduous
trees.
Summer
Winter
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Many pines (e.g., Lodgepole Pine) release seeds
after a fire (heat melts away sealing resin).
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DISPERSAL Seeds, burrs, spores, etc.
Milkweed The densely packed fruits peel away and
are carried away by the wind.
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Locomotion Flying, swimming, crawling, etc.
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INVASION Ex/ Kudzu
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INVASION Ex/ European Starlings
100 European Starlings brought to NY City in late
1800s. Now more than 200 million in North
America.
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Predation teeth, stingers, poison, etc.
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Evasion camouflage, speed, multiple offspring,
etc.
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17-year Cicada (13 and 17 are prime numbers!)
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Prickly Pear brought to Queensland, Australia
in 1839. More than 60,000,000 acres covered by
1925, the arrival of the cactoblastis moth.
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Cactus Moth (Cactoblastis cactorum)
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Opuntia in Australia before (above) and after
(below) release of Cactoblastis moths
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Now, occasional flare-ups of prickly pear and
cactoblastis.
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Parasites
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Symbiosis Ex/ Mitochondria, Chloroplasts in
eukaryotic cells
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
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Symbiosis Ex/ Ants and Acacia trees.
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Symbiosis Ex/ Chempedak trees, choanephora
fungus, gall midges
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Attracting Mates
Bower bird
Peacock
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DNA Very powerful way of encoding traits. gt95
of the genes of mice and men are similar. 80
have identical 1-to-1 counterparts.
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Non-life to first-life

Bacteria

Eukaryotes
First life form (3.7 BYA?)
First concestor (3 BYA?)
Archea
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Where life may have started Deep sea vents

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The concestor of all life on Earth
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Bacteria split off
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Archaeans split off
gt2000 MYA
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Uncertain groups of Eukaryotes split offbrown
algae, diatoms, ciliatesradiolarians,
foraminiferansEuglena, trypanosomesGiardia
gt1500 MYA
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Plants split off
ALREADY JOINED
1500 MYA
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Amoebas split off
1500 MYA
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Fungi split off
ALREADY JOINED
1000 MYA
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Choanoflagellates split off
900 MYA
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Sponges split off
750 MYA
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Cnidarians split offanemones, corals, jellyfish
ALREADY JOINED
650 MYA
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Protostomes split offworms of all
sortsmolluscs, crustaceansinsects, centipedes,
arachnids
ALREADY JOINED
580 MYA
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Ambulacrarians split offstarfish, sea urchins,
sand dollars, sea cucumbers
ALREADY JOINED
560 MYA
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Burgess Shale, Calgary
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Burgess Shale Fauna
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Burgess Shale Opabinia
Burgess Shale Marella
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Burgess Shale Hallucigenia
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Trilobites became a dominant Paleozoic life form.
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Burgess Shale Pikaia (oldest known chordate)
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The first fishes evolved from worm-like
chordates. Early fishes were jawless.
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Dunkleosteus
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Sharks split off
460 MYA
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Ray-finned fish split off
ALREADY JOINED
440 MYA
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Most bony fishes are ray-finned fishes.
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. only a few are lobe-finned fishes.
The Coelacanth Latimeria
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Modern Coelacanths split off
ALREADY JOINED
425 MYA
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The major change in life in the Devonian occurred
on land, which had been devoid of life up until
then. 
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Later extensive tropical forests would eventually
be fossilized into extensive coal deposits.
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The head and poison claw of a centipede. The
fossil compound eye of an insect. Fossil
remains of a millipede.
The first land animals are from the Devonian
period.
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The first amphibians evolved from lobe-finned
fishes in the Devonian period.
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Tiktaalik the 375-million-year-old missing
link between fish and amphibians, found in 2006.
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PALEOZOIC AMPHIBIANSLeft and Above.
Ichthyostega. Preserved fossil and reconstructed
skeleton (Devonian).  Right.  Cacops
reconstructed skeleton (Permian).
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First reptiles evolved in the Permian period from
amphibians.
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The reptiles, Thecodonts, gave rise to
crocodiles, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs.
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Reptiles ( birds) split off
ALREADY JOINED
310 MYA
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Massive extinction at the end of the Permian
marked the start of the dinosaurs. (Mass
extinction at the end of the Cretaceous marked
the end of the dinosaurs!)
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Some pterosaurs had wingspans of up to 50 feet.
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Dinosaurs are often grouped into two main
divisions, Ornithischia and Saurischia, based
upon the structure of their hip bones.
Ornithischia
Saurischia
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Dinosaurs remarkable for their ecological
diversity.
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Birds evolved from dinosaurs the only remaining
lineage of dinosaurs.
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Mammals
First mammals evolved long before the Cenozoic,
from the Therapsids
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Diictodon
Cynognathus
Therapsids mammal-like reptiles. 
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Megazostrodon
Morganucodon
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Echidna
Platypus
Monotremes egg-laying mammals.
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Marsupials split off
Laurasia
Gondwana
ALREADY JOINED
140 MYA
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Africana split off
elephant shrew, aardvark, manatee, elephant,
hydrax
ALREADY JOINED
105 MYA
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Xenarthrans split offarmadillo, sloth, anteater
95 MYA
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Laurasiatheres split off
Cats, dogs, bears, weasels, hyenas, seals,
walruses Horses, tapirs, rhinos Camels, pigs,
deer, sheep, hippos, whales Bats Shrews, moles,
hedgehogs
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ALREADY JOINED
85 MYA
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Rodents and rabbits split off
ALREADY JOINED
75 MYA
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Massive extinction at the end of the Cretaceous
marked the end of the dinosaurs, and made way for
mammals.
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Chicxulub crater site of impact 65 million
years ago.
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Lemurs split off
ALREADY JOINED
63 MYA
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New world monkeys split off
tamarins, marmosets, howler monkeys
ALREADY JOINED
40 MYA
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Old world monkeys split offmacaques, baboons,
langurs,colobus monkeys
ALREADY JOINED
25 MYA
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Gibbons split off
ALREADY JOINED
18 MYA
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Orangutans split off
14 MYA
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Gorillas split off
ALREADY JOINED
7 MYA
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Chimps and bonobos split off
6 MYA
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What next?
Perhaps the lesson from dogs?
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Pedigree of Man(Ernst Haekel,1877)
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Humans in here