Marine Biology:

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Marine Biology
Introduction to Marine Environment
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Marine Environment

• Properties of water
• Basic oceanography
• Ecological principles
• Larval ecology
• Terrestrial vs. Marine ecosystems
• Divisions of marine environment

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Oceans seawater

• 71 surface
• 3.8 km depth
• 1.370 x 106 km3 volume
• Presence of all phyla

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Water property
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Solvent actions of water
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Water property

• Surface tension
• Conduct of heat
• Viscosity
• Latent heat of evaporation
• Heat capacity
• Density (Temp, Salinity, Pressure)
• Dissolving ability

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Seawater property

• 96.5 water 3.5 dissolved compounds (salt)
• Salinity 34-37 psu
• ppt
• o
• PSU (practical salinity unit)

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(Evaporation Precipitation)
Equator
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Seawater constituents Principle of constant
proportions

• Major (99.28)
• Cl (55.04) Na (30.61) SO4-2 Mg Ca K
• Minor (0.71)
• HCO3 Br HBO3 Sr (Strontium)
• The remaining 0.01 (not constant)
• Nitrate phosphate SiO2 trace metals organic
  compounds gases (O2 and CO2)

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Basic oceanography

• Oceans 4 divisions marginal seas

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Basic oceanography

• Oceans 4 divisions marginal seas
• Continental shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain
• Seamount trench

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Basic oceanography

• Oceans 4 divisions marginal seas
• Continental shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain
• Seamount trench

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Basic oceanography

• Oceans 4 divisions marginal seas
• Continental shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain
• Seamount trench
• Tectonic plates (??)

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Plate Tectonics

• Continental drift
• Seafloor spreading

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Plate Tectonics

• Continental drift
• Seafloor spreading
• Subduction
• Hydrothermal vents

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Temperature and vertical stratification

• Metabolism Q10
• Preference tolerance
• Poikilothermic or ectothermic vs. homeothermic or
  endothermic
• Thermocline (50-300m)
• Picnocline
• Surface water temperature SST

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T-S diagram Sigma-t (st) (density 1) x 1000
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Light solar radiation

• Photosynthetic Active Radiation
• Euphotic, disphotic, aphotic
• Light extinction coefficient
• K (ln I0 ln Id) / depth (m)

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Wave

• Wind wave height wind speed, distance wind
  blows, duration wind blows
• Wavelength

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Current

• Predominant wind
• Ekman spiral Corioris effect

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Upwelling

• Coastal upwelling
• Equatorial upwelling

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Circulation of seawater

• Antarctic convergence cooling of saline water
  from equator gtgtgt intermediate water masses
• Antarctic circumpolar freezing causes cold and
  saline water sink gtgtgtAntarctic bottom

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Atlantic
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Pacific
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Indian ocean
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Ocean conveyor belt

• Thermohaline circulation
• Slowing or shut-down cooling of Europe

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Internal wave

• Flow over tough topography
• Propagate along the picnocline
• Weak surface slick
• Mix deep water in thermocline
• Luzon channel

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Ecological principles

• Ecology, Species, community, ecosystem
• Ecosystem components autotrophic vs.
  heterotrophic trophic structure, trophic level,
  food web vs. food chain

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Biomass pyramid
Energy pyramid
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Biogeochemical cycles

• Carbon cycle
• Phosphorus cycle
• Nitrogen cycle

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Carbon cycle
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Phosphorus cycle
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Nitrogen cycle
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Ecosystem structure

• Niche fundamental realized niches
• Habitat
• Dominant
• Species richness, diversity
• species richness not equal to stable environment
• Liebigs law od the minimum limiting factor

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Ecological control

• Competition competitive exclusion principle
• Predation predator vs. prey
• Grazing
• Keystone species or key industry species

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Benthic invertebrates distribution
abundance

• Recruitment
• Migration
• Asexual reproduction
• Mortality

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Larval types

• Planktotrophic larvae
• mostly in tropics, shallow water
• Lecithotrophic
• more towards polar regions and the deep sea
• Non pelagic (no free-swimming larvae)
• as lecithotrophic larvae

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Planktotrophic
Lecithotrophic
Nonpelagic
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Factors affecting larval settlement
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K Selection vs. r selection
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Opportunistic vs. equilibrium species

• life-history strategy
• Higher frequency of disturbances favors r
  selective species
• Unequal distribution of disturbance allows
  coexistence

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Terrestrial vs. marine ecosystems

• Carbohydrates vs. proteins
• Vertical distribution
• Large vs. small primary producer
• Carnivores common in marine environment
• More productive on land more efficient in energy
  transfer in marine food chains ay lower levels
• Marine food chains much more complicated

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