Gender Typing

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Gender Typing

• The process by which children acquire gender
  identity and the values and behaviors considered
  appropriate in their culture for members of their
  biological gender.

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Gender DifferencesMaccoby and Jacklin (1974)

• Stereotype Myths
• Girls are more suggestible than boys
• Girls have lower self-esteem
• Girls better at repetitive tasks
• Boys better at higher reasoning tasks
• Boys more analytic
• Boys more achievement motivated

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Gender Differences(Maccoby and Jacklin)

• Girls have greater verbal ability
• Boys greater spatial ability
• Boys greater math ability
• Boys more physically/verbally aggressive

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Gender DifferencesCurrent research

• Boys more physically active
• Boys take more risks
• Boys more vulnerable to developmental disorders
• Girls more emotionally expressive/sensitive

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Differing Viewpoints on Gender Differences

• Maccoby and Jacklin
• Few differences
• Culturally created
• Carol Gilligan
• In a Different Voice
• Girls and boys are different
• Understand address differing needs

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Social Learning Theory(Behaviorist)

• Gender typed behavior is conditioned
• Parents
• Behaviors reinforced in girls
• Dancing, dressing up, asking for help, playing
  with dolls
• Behaviors reinforced in boys
• Playing with blocks, trucks, push toys
• Discouraged from playing with dolls, seeking
  help, showing emotion
• Study 300 boys
• 70 given toy soldiers on request
• 40 given Barbie dolls
• Parents, Peers, Media
• Reinforce gender appropriate behaviors,
  discourage cross-sex play

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Biological/Evolutionary

• Brain Differences
• Hypothalamus
• Different in men and women
• control center for sexual behavior
• Women
• Larger sections of frontal cortex, limbic system,
  part of temporal lobe assoc. with language
• Men
• Larger sections of parietal lobe, amygdala

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Biological/Evolutionary (continued)

• Chromosomal difference
• Girls xx
• Boys xy
• Hormone bath in first trimester
• Boys testosterone and Mullerian Inhibiting
  Substance (MIS)
• Girls Estrogen

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Evidence of Hormonal Effect on Behavior

• Animal Studies on exposure to opposite hormone
• Male rats display lordosis
• Female rats mount other females
• Humans Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
• Girls adrenal gland accidentally boosts
  testosterone
• CAH girls prefer male toys, aggressive play
• Levels of testosterone related to male typed
  behavior

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Evidence of inborn gender behavior

• Monkey Study
• Monkeys offered variety of human toys male,
  female, neutral
• Males spent more time with male toys
• Females played with female toys
• Spent equal time on neutral toys
• Monkeys are not socialized towards gender
  specific human toys
• Children Simon Baron-Cohen Study
• 1 day old babies
• Girls prefer faces, face-like images
• Boys mechanical objects, cars

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Evolutionary explanation

• Boys select toys related to skills for hunting
  and selecting mate
• Girls selection of toys represent innate
  programming to promote nurturing skills.

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Gender Schema Theory(Cognitive)
Out-Group schema
Not for me
Avoid, forget
For Boys
Truck
Gender Identity (Im a Girl)
For Whom?
Doll
Gather, remember info.
For Girls
For me
In-Group schema
Own-Sex Schema
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Bio-Social TheoryJohn Money

• Biological factors (genes, chromosomes, hormones)
  determine gender and development of genitalia
• Reaction by others, reaction to self, determine
  gender identification.
• Effect of ambiguous genitalia