Part 6: Conservation

1
Part 6 Conservation Human Societies
2
Part 6 Conservation Human Societies

• Chapter 20 Conservation Sustainable
  Development at the Local National Levels
• Chapter 21 An international Approach to
  Conservation Sustainable Development
• Chapter 22 An Agenda for the Future

3
Conservation Sustainable Development at the
Local National Levels

• Chapter 20

4
Introduction

• Begin at local level
• Employ local individuals
• Traditional peoples live in the most biologically
  diverse areas of the world
• Sustainable development
• Economic development that satisfies both present
  and future needs for resources and employment
  while minimizing its impact on biological
  diversity
• Economic development
• Improvements in efficiency and organization but
  not necessarily increases in resource consumption
• Economic growth
• Material increases in the amount of resources used

5
Conservation at the Local Level

• Land Trusts
• Private conservation organizations acquiring land
• US 6 million acres protected
• Nature Conservancy
• Europe is common practice
• National Nature Reserves
• Conservation easements
• Limited Development
• Conservation leasing
• Conservation banking
• Local Legislation

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Conservation at the National Level

• Use money to buy new lands
• Protect watershed for water quality
• Open lands near densely settled areas
• Areas with endangered species
• Lands adjacent to protected species
• Establishment of national parks
• National Parks

7
National Legislation

• Crucial
• Substantial effect through control of borders
  commerce
• Restrict possession of species
• CITIES
• Convention on International Trade in Endangered
  Species
• Identify endangered species within borders
• Take conservation steps
• National legal efforts subject to cultural factors

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The U.S. Endangered Species Act

• 1973
• Protected species
• Requires recovery plan
• Amended
• 1978
• 1982
• Reauthorized 1993
• Recognized subspecies
• 23 species have be de-listed (of 1300)
• Bald eagle
• Brown pelican
• Peregrine falcon
• American alligator

9
Traditional Societies, Conservation,
Sustainable Use

• Attitudes/Traditional Societies/Conservation
• Not automatically incompatible
• Indigenous people practicing traditional culture
  on decline
• Results in changing belief systems

10
Conservation Ethics

• Traditional societies
• Conservation ethics
• Matter of perspective
• Western beliefs
• Religious and cultural impacts

11
Conservation Efforts That Involve Traditional
Societies

• Involve Traditional Societies
• Avoid Ecocolonialism
• Common practice of governments and conservation
  organizations of disregarding traditional rights
  and practices in order to establish new
  conservation areas
• Integrated Conservation-Development Projects
  (ICDPs)
• Biosphere Reserves
• In Situ Agricultural Conservation
• Extractive Reserves
• Community Based Initiatives

12
Evaluating Conservation Initiatives That Involve
Traditional Societies

• Stable, flexible, local communities with
  effective leaders and competent governments

13
Summary

• Legal efforts
• National
• Regional
• Local
• National protect biodiversity
• Establishing national parks
• Controlling imports and exports at borders
• Creating regulations for air and water pollution
• Endangered Species Act
• Local involvement

14
An International Approach to Conservation
Sustainable Development

• Chapter 21

15
Introduction

• Species migrate across international borders
• International trade in biological products is
  commonplace
• The benefits of biological diversity are of
  international importance
• Many problems of environmental pollution that
  threaten ecosysems are international in scope and
  require international cooperation

16
International Agreements to Protect Species

• CITIES
• Convention on International Trade Endangered
  Species
• IUCN
• International Union for Conservation Nature
• WWF
• World Wildlife Fund

17
International Agreements to Protect Habitat

• Biospheres Reserves Program
• World Heritage Program

18
Is the Funding Adequate Effective

• Lack of adequate funding
• Major problems
• Lack of participation by community groups, local
  scientists and government leaders
• Overreliance on foreign consultants
• Lack of lasting solutions
• Failure to deal with 4 Cs
• Concern
• Contracts
• Capacity
• causes

19
National Environmental Funds

• World Bank
• Global Environment Facility
• World Wildlife Fund

20
Debt for Nature Swaps

• Countries hold high international debts
• Barely pay interest
• Debt swaps

21
International Development Banks Ecosystem Damage

• Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs)
• Development Lending Case Studies
• Indonesian Resettlement
• Brazilian Highways
• Dam Projects

22
Reforming Development Lending

• Overly optimistic predictions
• Temporary jobs
• Temporary economic prosperity
• Some release from social tensions for duration of
  project
• Increased Funding is Necessary the Future

23
An Agenda for the Future

• Chapter 22

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Introduction

• Cause for biodiversity loss
• Human resource use
• Solution
• Demonstrate protection of biodiversity worth more
  than its destruction
• Monetary value
• Existence value
• Option value
• Intrinsic value

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Ongoing Problems Possible Solutions

• Undescribed species
• More scientists and nonscientists training
• Global scope of conservation issues
• Summits Conventions
• Developing countries conflicted by need to
  develop natural resources vs. protect them
• Financial support for conservation activities
• Development projects falsely economically
  advantageous
• Comprehensive cost-benefit analysis
• Ecosystem services not assigned economic value
• Economic activities affecting environment should
  be linked to maintainence of ecosystem and
  establishment of nearby protected areas

26
International Approaches

• The Earth Summit
• The Rio Declaration
• Convention on Climate Change
• Convention on Biodiversity
• Statement on Forest Principles
• Agenda 21
• Summit on Global Climate Change 1997

27
Legal Protection of Species

• International Agreements
• species often migrate across borders
• international trade in biological products can
  result in overexploitation
• benefits of biological diversity are of
  international importance
• many problems are international in scope and
  require international co-operation to solve

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Ongoing Problems Possible Solutions

• Much destruction of biodiversity by poor trying
  to survive
• Assist local people in developing sustainable
  economic activities
• Decisions made by central governments
• Input by local people for conservation project to
  be successful
• Revenues, business activities, scientific
  research dont directly benefit surrounding
  communities
• Train local people
• Employ local people in parks
• Inadequate budgets for national parks and
  conservation areas
• Increase funds by raising rates for admission,
  lodging, and meals

29
Agenda for the Future

• People cut down tropical forests and plant crops
  to establish title to the land, even on lands not
  suitable for agriculture.
• Timber companies that lease forests and ranchers
  who rent grassland from the government often
  damage the land and reduce its productive
  capacity in pursuit of short-term profits.

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Challenges for Conservation Biologists

• Large parks
• Protect large populations of endangered species
• Vulnerability of small populations to local
  extinction
• Alarming rates of species extinction
• Destruction of unique biological communities
  worldwide
• Reconciling the needs of local people and the
  need to preserve biological diversity
• Distribute worlds resources more fairly
• Effective programs to stabilize worlds
  population
• Management strategies to preserve biological
  diversity

31
Achieving the Agenda

• Become more effective as educators
• Public forum classroom.
• Become politically active
• Become organizers in the biological community
• Become motivators
• convincing a range of people to support
  conservation
• Become effective managers and practitioners
• of conservation projects

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Summary

• Major problems find solutions
• Conservation biologists need to take innovative
  approaches!