Cultural Congruity, Cultural Identity and Migration

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Cultural Congruity, Cultural Identity and
Migration

• Professor Dinesh Bhugra
• Professor of Mental Health and Cultural Diversity
  
• Section of Cultural Psychiatry
• Institute of Psychiatry
• Kings College London

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Migration and Schizophrenia

• Migrant Someone who changes their place of
  residence for any purpose or for any period of
  time
• Legal classification
• Characteristics of migration
• Motivation of migration

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Migration and Schizophrenia

• ACROSS COUNTRIES
• IN COUNRTRY
• (RURAL ? URBAN URBAN ?)

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Migration and Schizophrenia

• OCCUPATIONAL MIGRATION
• Anthropology
• Diplomacy
• Higher Education
• Journalism
• Military Service
• Missionaries
• Sales People
• Seasonal Migratory Work

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Migration and Schizophrenia

• DEMOGRAPHICS OF MIGRANTS
• Age
• Gender
• Primary
• Education
• Voluntariness
• Duration

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Migration and Schizophrenia

• MIGRATION REASONS
• Political - Exiles
• - Refugees
• Economic - Single
• - Business Transient
• - Permanent
• - Group
• Social - Students
• - Stars

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UK African Caribbean Immigrants and UK Natives
Incidence Rates per 1000 for Schizophrenia
 
Prevalence Rates  
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UK African Caribbean Immigrants and UK Natives
Incidence Rates per 1000 for Schizophrenia
 
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Cochrane and Bal (1987)

• Rates of admission for schizophrenia in the UK
  are
• higher for the Irish, Indian Pakistani, and
• Caribbean born, compared to the native. In
  general
• the foreign born have rates of admission (except
• for Pakistani women) which are higher.
• Pakistani women are said to drop out of formal
• mental health system.

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• Hypotheses
• Misdiagnosis
• Ethnic Liability
• Selective Migration
• Obstetric Complications
• Stress of migration
• Cannabis use
• Stress of Socio-Economic Disadvantage

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Additional Hypotheses

• Ethnic Density
• Concepts of Self
• Achievement Aspiration
• Cultural Congruity

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Ethnic Density Plays a Role
Ethnic Density Faris and Dunham Rosenberg Boydel
l et al
Cochrane Jablensky
Ethnic Density does not
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Identity

• Totality of ones self-construal in which how
  one construes ones self in the present expresses
  the continuity between how one construes oneself
  as one was in the past and how one construes
  oneself as one aspires to be in the future

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Ethnic Identity Using superiority or
inferiority on the basis of real or alleged
physical characteristics Racial Identity Sense
of group or collective identity based on ones
perception that the individual shares a common
racial heritage with a particular racial group
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Identities studied by using

• Knowledge of collective behaviours
• Child-rearing systems
• Collective adult phenomena, eg political
  behaviours
• Institutional practices
• Religious Ideas Systems

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• Individualism Refers to society where the ties
  between individuals are loose and everyone is
  expected to look after himself/herself and their
  immediate family
• Collectivism People from birth onwards are
  integrated into strong cohesive in groups which
  throughout their lifetime continue to protect
  them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty

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• Individualism I-ness. I consciousness,
  autonomy, emotional independence, individual
  initiative right to privacy, pleasure seeking,
  financial security, need for specific friendship
• Collectivism We-ness. We consciousness,
  collective identity, emotional interdependence,
  group solidarity, sharing duties and obligations,
  need for stable and predetermined friendships,
  group decisions
• Hofstede 1980, 1984

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Individualism Liberalism

• Rational individuals/personal choices
• Discreet, autonomous, self-sufficient and
  respectful to the rights of others
• Abstract, universal, role confined by
  achievement
• Equality, equity, non-interference and
  detachability

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Collectivism Traditionalism

• Common good/social harmony
• Individuals bound by relationships
• Others put first before themselves
• Concession/compromise
• Justice and institutions are seen as an
  extension of the family
• Paternalism and legal moralism
• I am kind. I thinkus. My family expect me to
  be kind

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Collectivism as Concern

• Consideration of implications of ones own
• decisions
• Sharing of material resources
• Sharing of nonmaterial resources
• Susceptibility to social influences
• Self-presentation and face work
• Sharing of outcomes
• Feeling of involvement in others lives

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Individualism

• Related to high levels of GNP
• High levels of crime, suicide, divorce, child
  abuse, emotional stress and physical and mental
  illness
• Having substantial levels of migration, most
  social, and geographical mobility

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Idiocentric Personal focus Intimacy
issues Authoritarianism Independence
Allocentric Good interpersonal
relationships Harmony Intimacy Acceptance of
authorities Interdependence Loyalty Reliability
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Idiocentric individuals in individualistic
cultures will disregard the needs of communities,
families or workgroups and allocentric
individuals will feel concerned about their
communities and in groups Idiocentric individuals
in collectivist societies will yield to group
norms less than allocentric persons in
individualistic cultures
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People from individualistic cultures are good at
entering and leaving new social
groups Idiocentric individuals have great skills
in forming new in groups and superficially appear
more sociable
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• Cultures can be understood according to Hofstede
• individualistic vs. collectivist
• masculine vs. feminine
• power distance
• Schwartz mastery, hierarchy, conservatism,
  harmony, autonomy, intellectual or
  effective and egalitarian commitment

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Idiocentric individuals from collectivist
societies will settle down better in
individualistic societies Allocentric
individuals from collectivist societies, if
socially isolated or alienated, will have
difficulty in setting down in individualistic
societies
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Model of Vulnerability

• Individual
• Biopsychological
• Vulnerability

Group I/C Power Distance
Society of Origin
Personality
Political Economic
Demographic
Alienation Power Distance Personality
Acculturation
Stress
Group Acculturation
New Society I/C Attitudes Beliefs Support Alienati
on
Distress
Support Coping Breakdown
I/C Individualistic/Collectivist
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We need ecological studies to identify ethnic
density but more importantly move beyond that to
study ethnic density and individual traits in
the context of the characteristics of the
cultures people come from and cultures they
settle in. Globalisation, industrialisation
and urbanisation will need to be taken into
account.