Surface water and Groundwater Resources

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Surface water and Groundwater Resources

• By Falah Fakhri Post-doctoral
  Scholarfalah.fakhri_at_utu.fi https//www.researc
  hgate.net/profile/Falah_Fakhri https//falahfakh
  ri.wordpress.com https//twitter.com/FALAHFAKHR
  Ihttps//www.youtube.com/my_videos?oU
• Department of Geography
  and Geology
• Day 18/11/2014 Time 1200 12 30
  MAANTIETEEN JA GEOLOGIAN LAITOS

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Overview

• What is water?
• What is Hydrologic Cycle of Water?
• What is Surface Water?
• What is Groundwater?
• Surface water and Groundwater Hydrology,
• Groundwater and climate change, Videos,

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What is Water? (1/1)

• Water covers about 70 of Earths surface, makes
  up about
• 70 of your mass, and is essential for life.
• Water is the only substance that exists
• naturally on Earth in all Three
• physical states of matter
• Gas, Liquid, and Solidand
• it is always on the
• move among them.
• The Earth has oceans of
• liquid water and polar regions covered by Solid
  Water.

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What is Hydrologic Cycle of water? (1/1)

• The hydrologic cycle is a conceptual model that
  describes the storage and movement of water
  between the biosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere,
  and the hydrosphere.
• Energy from the Sun is absorbed by liquid water
  in oceans, lakes, and rivers and gains enough
  energy for some of it to evaporate and enter the
  Atmosphere as an invisible Gas, Water vapor.

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What is Surface Water? (1/1)

• Surface water is a term used to describe water in
  a watercourse, lake or wetland, and any includes
  water flowing over or lying on land after having
  precipitated naturally, or after having risen to
  the surface naturally from underground
  (groundwater).
• Types of surface water
• 1- permanent (perennial).
• 2- semi-permanent (ephemeral).
• 3- manmade.

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What is groundwater? (1/1)

• Water beneath the land surface occurs in two
  principal zones
• The unsaturated zone,
• In the unsaturated zone, the voidsthat is, the
  spaces between grains of gravel, sand, silt,
  clay, and cracks within rockscontain both air
  and water. Although a considerable amount of
  water can be present in the unsaturated zone,
  this water cannot be pumped by wells because it
  is held too tightly by capillary forces.
• The saturated zone,
• In contrast to the unsaturated zone, the voids in
  the saturated zone are completely filled with
  water. Water in the saturated zone is referred to
  as groundwater. The upper surface of the
  saturated zone is referred to as the water table.
  Below the water table, the water pressure is
  great enough to allow water to enter wells, thus
  permitting groundwater to be withdrawn for use.

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Surface water and Groundwater Hydrology (1/2)

• Surface water commonly is hydraulically connected
  to groundwater, but the interactions are
  difficult to observe and measure.

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Surface water and Groundwater Hydrology (2/2)
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Groundwater and climate change (1/3)

• Changes in river flows as well as lake and
  wetland levels due to climate change depend on
• Changes in the Volume, Timing and Intensity of
  Precipitation,
• Changes in temperature, radiation, atmospheric
  humidity, and wind speed,

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Groundwater and climate change (2/3)

• Groundwater systems generally respond more slowly
  to climate change than surface water systems.
• Groundwater levels correlate more strongly with
  precipitation than with temperature, BUT
  temperature becomes more important for shallow
  aquifers and in warm periods.

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Groundwater and climate change (3/3)

• In addition, increased atmospheric CO2
  concentration directly alters plant physiology,
  thus affecting evapotranspiration.

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Videos
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References

• 1- The Encyclopedia of Earth, http//www.eoearth.o
  rg/view/article/153627/
• 2- Calow R, Bonsor H., Jones L., OMeally S.,
  MacDonald A., Kaur N. Climate change, water
  resources and WASH. 2011. Working Paper 337.
  Overseas Development Institute. It is available
  in
• http//www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-asse
  ts/publications-opinion-files/7322.pdf
• 3- Kundzewicz, Z.W., L.J. Mata, N.W. Arnell, P.
  Döll, P. Kabat, B. Jiménez, K.A. Miller, T. Oki,
  Z. Sen and I.A. Shiklomanov, 2007 Freshwater
  resources and their management. Climate Change
  2007 Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.
  Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth
  Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel
  on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani,
  J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E.
  Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press,
  Cambridge, UK, 173-210. It is available in
• http//www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/a
  r4-wg2-chapter3.pdf

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References

• 4- Winter T. C., Harvey J. W., F. O. Lehn,
  William M. 1988, Alley Ground Water and Surface
  Water A Single Resource, Free on application to
  the U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information
  Services Box 25286 Denver, CO 80225-0286. It is
  available in
• http//pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1139/pdf/circ1139.pd
  f
• 5- Water, Shakhashiri it is available in
  http//www.scifun.org/CHEMWEEK/PDF/COW-Water-Jan20
  11.pdf
• 6- Northern Territory Government, Territory water
  resources, greening the territory. It is
  available in http//www.lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/asse
  ts/pdf_file/0018/2448/Factsheet_WhatisSurfaceWater
  _001.pdf
• 7- The Habitable Planet unit8 it is available
  in https//learner.org/courses/envsci/unit/text.p
  hp?unit8secNum1