biomolicules

1
Jawahar navodaya vidyalaya
BIOMOLECULE
DHANANSU
LUDHIANA
PROJECT OF CHEMISTRY
SUBMITTED TO -
SUBMITTED BY -
NAME manassemwal CLASS 2 A
ROLL NO. u45022
MRS. SWARNJEET KAUR
2
aim
To study about biomolecules
3
Certificate

• Name Class
• Roll no.
• This is certified to the bonafide work of the
  student in the __________ Subject during the
  academic year 2014 2015
  
• Teacher In-charge
  ___________
• Date __/__/____
• Examiners sign. Principals
  sign.
• _____________
  ______________

4
CONTENT

• 
  
• Biomolecules
  01
• Proteins
  02
• Structure of proteins
  03-04
• Amino acids
  05
• Enzymes
  06
• Vitamins
  07
  
• Nucleic acids
  08
• Functions of nucleic acids 09
• Practicals
  10-

TOPIC PAGE NO.
5
1 BIOMOLECULES IT IS THE
HARMONIOUS SYNCHRONOUS PROGRESS OF
CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN BODY WHICH LEADS TO LIFE.

• The macromolecules which are naturally occurring
  in biological systems are called biomolecules.
  
• For example- polysaccharides, protiens,
  enzymes vitamins etc.

6
Proteins

• Proteins are the complex nitrogenous organic
  molecules which are essential for the growth
  the maintenance of body. Chemically proteins are
  the polymers of the a-amino acids which are
  linked by the peptide bonds.
• Types of proteins
• (i) fibrous proteins - They have thread like
  molecules which tend to lie side by side to form
  fibres, e.g., keratin, collagen, myosin, etc. In
  such proteins, the molecules are held together by
  hydrogen disulphate bond.
• (ii) Globular proteins - They have molecules
  which are folded into compact units that ioften
  from speroidal shapes. The area of contact
  between molecules are small inter-molecular
  forces are compactively weak, e.g., insulin,
  albumin, fibrinogen.

7
Structure of the proteins

• There are 4 levels at which the structure of
  proteins are studied. These areprimary,
  secondary, tertiary quarternary.
• (1) Primary structure - The sequence in which
  various amino acids are arranged in a protein is
  called its primary structure. Any change in
  sequence of amino acids creates different protein
  which alerts biological functions.
• (2) Secondary structure -It refers to shape in
  which a long polypeptide chain exists. A protein
  may assume a-helix structure or ß-pleated
  structure. The a-helix structure results due to
  regular coiling of polypeptide chain which is
  stabilised by intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
  Keratin in hair, nails, wool myosin in the
  nucleus have a-helix structure.

8

• (3) Tertiary structure - The tertiary structure
  of proteins represents overall folding of the
  polypeptide chain, i.e., further folding of the
  secondary structure. It gives rise to two major
  mlecular shapes, viz., fibrous globular. The
  main forces which stabilise 2? 3? structures of
  the proteins hydrogen bonds, disulphate
  linkage, van der waal forces electrostatic
  force of attraction.
• (4) Quaternary structure - Some of the proteins
  are composed of two or more polypeptide chains
  referred to as sub-units. The spatial arrangement
  of these subunits with respect to each other is
  known as quaternary structure.

9
Amino acids

• Those compounds, whose molecule contains both the
  carboxylic acid group the amino group are
  called amino acids. There are twenty amino acids
  which forms protein. The amino acids which are
  synthesised in body are known as non-essential
  amino acids, e.g., glysine, alanine. Those amino
  acids which cant be synthesised in
• body
  must be obtained through diet are
• known as
  essential amino acids, e.g.,valine,
• lysine.
• Amino acids have also been classified as neutral,
  acidic basic amino acids. Amino acids like
  glycine, valine, etc. which contain one NH2
  one COOH group are called neutral amino acids.

Classification of amino acids
10
enzymes

• (1) Enzymes - Enzyme are the essential
  biological catalysts which are required to
  catalyse biological reactions, e.g., maltose,
  lactose etc. Almost all the enzymes are globular
  proteins.
• (2) Oxidoreductase enzymes - Enzymes which
  catalyse the oxidation of the substrate with
  simultaneous reduction substrate.
• (3) Phenylketonuria - Disease caused by
  deficiency of the enzymes phenylalanine
  hydroxylase.
• (4) Albinism - Disease caused due
• the deficiency of an enzyme tyrosinase.
• (5) Streptokinase - Enzyme which he
• blood clot formed in coronary artery
• which leads to heart trouble.

11
5 Vitamins

• Vitamins - Vitamins are generally
  regarded as organic
• C compounds required in
  the diet in small amount
• to perform specific
  biological functions for
• normal maintainance of
  optimum growth
• health of the organism.
• VITAMINS ARE OF TWO TYPES
• (i) Fat-Soluble - Vitamins A,D,E K are soluble
  in fat oils but insoluble in water. They are
  stored in liver adipose tissue.
• (ii) Water-Soluble - Vitamins belonging to the
  group B vitamin C are soluble in water. They
  must be supplied regularly in the diet because
  they are readily excreted in urine cannot be
  stored in our body.

12
6 Nucleic acids

• Nuclic acids -Nuclic acids are long chain
  polymers of nucleotides.
• They play an important role in transmission
  of hereditary characteristics biosynthesis of
  proteins.
• TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
• There are two types of nucleic acids. These
  are DNA RNA.
• (1) DNA - It contains a pentose sugar
  deoxyribose, adenine, guanine cytosine bases.
  A phosphate group is present at C-5 of the sugar
  unit. The repeating units, deoxyribonucleotides,
  are linked by phosphate group. Thus, they are the
  biopolymers of deoxyribonucleotides have double
  helix structure of the polynucleotides.
• (2) RNA - It contains ribose sugar, bases from
  pyrimidine bases uracil cytosine bases from
  purine base adenine guanine. A phosphate
  group is present at C-5 of the sugar unit. The
  repeating units, ribonucleotides, are linked by
  phosphate group.

13
Functions of nuclic acids

• Replication or heredity transfer - The double
  helix of the DNA is the storehouse of genetic
  information of the organism which is contained in
  the sequence of the bases A, T, C, G on the
  strands DNA. The process by which a DNA molecule
  produces two identical molecules of itselfs in
  the nucleus of the cell is called the
  replication.
• Protein synthesis -This is brought in two steps
• (i) Transcription Coping of sequenece of
  bases from DNA strand onto the RNA molecule is
  called transcription.
• (ii) Translation This is the process in
  which mRNA directs protein synthesis in the
  cytoplasm of the cell with involvement of
  transfer of the RNA ribosomal particles.

14
Prctical related to biomolecules

• (1) Experiment - To study some simple tests
  of fats oils. Apparatus - Test tube,
  glass rod, filter paper, burner.
  Chemicals-water, alcohol, chloroform potassium
  bisulphate. Tests - (i) solubility test
  Shake a small amount of given sample with 5.0 ml
  each of alcohol chloroformin diff. test tubes.
  If the sample is soluble in all then the sample
  contains the oil or fat in it.
  
  (ii) Acrolein
  test Heat a small amount of given sample with
  pottasium bisulphate crystals in a dry test tube.
  If the pungent odour become so the oil or fat is
  present.

S. no. Fat or oil Acrolein test solubility Alcohol in Cloroform
1. Linseed oil Pungent smell Soluble Soluble
2. Cotton seed oil Pungent smell Soluble Soluble
3. Vanspati ghee Pungent smell Soluble Soluble
4. Desi ghee Pungent smell Soluble Soluble