Enzyme

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Extremophiles and Extremozymes
Submitted To Dr Anjum Zia
Submitted By Mirza Abdul Rehman
Reg No. 2019-ag-9435
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Extremophiles

• Extremophiles are organisms that lives optimally
  under one or both environmental extremes.
• Polyextremophiles grow optimally under multiples
  extremes.
• they dont just survive, they thrive. In other
  words, extremophiles is microorganism mostly
  archaeon that live in extreme conditions.

Extremozymes
Enzymes produced by extremophiles which
consequently function best under the
corresponding extreme conditions.
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Thermophiles
Audophiles
Psychrophiles
Extremophiles
Alkaliphiles
Osmophiles
Barophiles
Xerophiles
Halophiles
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Extreme Conditions

• Temperature
• Ph
• Salinity
• Nutritional scarcitives
• Absence of oxygen
• Radiation
• Pressure

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Types
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Psychrophiles

• Temperature range is -15 to 15C.
• Also known as cryophiles.
• Isolated from arctic and antarctic habitats.
• Also found in ice bergs, galciars, snow falls
  etc.
• Metabolism is quite normal at colder
  temperatures.
• Proteinacious antifreeze mechanism to protect the
  cell and DNA.
• Some of them cause spoilage in refrigerated food
  materials.
• E.g (1) Pseudomonas (2) Sphingomonas (3)
  Arthrobacter

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Thermophiles

• Greek Word thermotita (heat) and philia (love)
• Temperature loving organism
• Most members are archae
• Grows in temperature range of 55 to 113C
• Mostly found in geothermally heated region on
  earth viz hot springs, hydrothermal vents etc.
• As they need extreme temperature, its very hard
  to study them in laboratory condition.
• Also that some members can produce heat by
  themselves.
• Examples are (1) Cyonidium Caldarium (2)
  Chaetomium Thermophile
• Thermophiles are further classified into obligate
  and Facultative thermophiles.

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Acidophiles

• Micro organisms that lives in highly acidic
  environments are called as acideophiles.
• The PH range is 1-5
• Some members that mainly found in drainage of
  coal miner are able to oxidize sulphur into
  sulphuric acid.
• Mechanism of action is thatthey have a proton
  pump machinery to eliminate protonfrom
  cytoplasmof the cell to maintain low ph.
• E.g (1) Pyrodictium (2) Picrophilus
  (3) Ferroplasma (4) Sulfolobus

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Alkaliphiles

• These are extremophilic microorganisms which
  thrives in roughly alkaline environment (8-11)
  and have an optimum PH around 10.
• Organisms which needs high Ph to survive are
  called obligate alkaliphiles.
• There are facultative alkaliphiles and
  haloalkaliphiles (need salty environment as well)
• Most of the alkaliphiles posses bacillus
  morphology.
• E.g (1) Bacillus halodurans (2) Bacillus
  firmus

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Xerophiles

• A xerophile is an extremophilic organism that can
  grow and reproduce in conditions with a low
  availablity of water.
• Water activity is a measure of the amount of
  water within a substrate an organism can use to
  support sexual growth
• Xerophiles often said to be xerotolerant
  meaning tolerant to dry condition they can
  survive in environment with water activity below
  0.8
• Endoliths and halophiles are often xerotolerant.
• E. g (1) many molds and Yeast (2)
  Trichosporonoids nigrescens

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Halophiles

• This group comprises microorganisms that can
  thrive in high salty environment such as the
  great salt lake and dead sea.
• Most of the Halophiles belongs to Domain Archai
• E.g Salinibactem ruber
• There are eukaryotic halophiles such as
  Dunalicela Salina (algae) and wallemia
  icthyophaga (fungus)
• Obligate halophiles adopted to survive in high
  salt concentrations.
• Organisms from the Dead Sea often requires nearly
  33 salt. (sea water has only 3) and inoculating
  loop must be dipped in a saturated salt solution
  to isolate them.
• Microorganisms live in such high salinity are
  termed as extreme halophiles.

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