minerals

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Introduction to Mineralogy

• Eng Fais Jama Ahmed
• BSc. Geology and water resource
• BSc. Geography
• MSc. Energy policy and climate change
• Exp. Gold surveyor

EMAI faais4941_at_gmail.com
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Course Contents

• 1. Chapter one Introduction to Minerals and
  Mineralogy
• 2. Chapter two Physical Properties of Minerals
• 3. Chapter three crystallography
• 4. Chapter four silicates
• 5. Chapter five non-silicates
• Carbonates
• Sulfates
• Phosphates
• 6. Chapter six Oxides, hydroxides and halides
• 7. Chapter seven native elements

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Course objectives
Upon course completion you will be able to

• To explain
• 1. what a mineral is.
• 2.Crystal Chemistry Explain and apply Pauling's
  rules, know the typical charge and the
  coordination of the most common chemical elements
  on Earth and how it affects how the individual
  chemical elements can substitute for each other.
  You should also know and understand the various
  types of packing and lattice that forms the basis
  for many crystal structures.
• 3.Mineral Chemistry Using your knowledge of
  crystal chemistry you should be able to calculate
  a mineral formula from a chemical analysis and
  estimated structural formula.

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Course marking grades

• Attendance 10 marks
• Assignment 15 marks
• Quiz 15 marks
• Final exam 60 marks

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Chapter one Introduction to Minerals and
Mineralogy

• A mineral is a naturally-occurring, homogeneous
  solid with a definite, but generally not fixed,
  chemical composition and an ordered atomic
  arrangement. It is usually formed by inorganic
  processes.
• Mineralogy a subject of geology specializing in
  the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal
  structure, and physical (including optical)
  properties of minerals
• A mineraloid is a mineral-like substance that
  does not demonstrate crystallinity. Mineraloids
  possess chemical compositions that vary beyond
  the generally accepted ranges for specific
  minerals. For example, obsidian is an amorphous
  glass and not a crystal

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Composition of the earths crust

• The earth's crust is composed of many kinds of
  rocks, each of which is an aggregate of one or
  more minerals. In geology, the term mineral
  describes any naturally-occurring solid substance
  with a specific composition and crystal
  structure.
• A minerals composition refers to the kinds and
  proportions of elements making up the mineral.
• The way these elements are packed together
  determines the structure of the mineral. More
  than 3,500 different minerals have been
  identified.

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Composition of the earths crust

• .

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TYPES OF MINERALS

• 1. Metallic e.g. Gold and aluminum.
• 2. Non-metallic e.g. graphite and sulphar.
• 3. Energy minerals or fossil fuels includes
  petroleum, coal and natural gas.
• 4. Rocks (rocks forming minerals

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Five criteria of Minerals

• Naturally Occurring Minerals form by natural
  geological processes without human intervention.
• Inorganic Minerals are typically composed of
  elements other than carbon-hydrogen compounds,
  meaning they are not derived from living
  organisms.
• Solid Minerals maintain a solid state at
  standard temperature and pressure conditions
  found on Earth's surface.
• Definite Chemical Composition Each mineral has a
  specific chemical formula, which can range from
  simple compositions (e.g., NaCl for halite) to
  complex ones.
• Crystalline Structure The atoms in a mineral are
  arranged in an orderly and repetitive geometric
  pattern, which determines the mineral's crystal
  form and physical properties.

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Is ice a mineral or not according to the five
criteria of minerals?

• .

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