Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• I. The Importance of Temperature for Organisms
• A. Physiological processes affected by
  temperature
• 1. Metabolism and respiration
• 2. Photosynthesis (FIG. 1)
• 3. Muscular activity (FIG. 2)

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• I. The Importance of Temperature for Organisms
• A. Physiological processes affected by
  temperature
• 1. Metabolism and respiration. Strongly
  related to temperature in all organisms.
  Generally 2 to 2 1/2 times increase in metabolism
  for every 10 C increase in temperature (up
  to a limit).
• 2. Photosynthesis (FIG. 1)
• 3. Muscular activity (FIG. 2)

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• I. The Importance of Temperature for Organisms
• A. Physiological processes affected by
  temperature
• 1. Metabolism and respiration. Strongly
  related to temperature in all organisms.
  Generally 2 to 2 1/2 times increase in metabolism
  for every 10 C increase in temperature (up
  to a limit).
• 2. Photosynthesis (FIG. 1). Upper and lower
  temperature limits and an optimum range of
  temperatures for carbon fixation (gross
  photosynthesis).
• 3. Muscular activity (FIG. 2)

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• I. The Importance of Temperature for Organisms
• A. Physiological processes affected by
  temperature
• 1. Metabolism and respiration. Strongly
  related to temperature in all organisms.
  Generally 2 to 2 1/2 times increase in metabolism
  for every 10 C increase in temperature (up
  to a limit).
• 2. Photosynthesis (FIG. 1). Upper and lower
  temperature limits and an optimum range of
  temperatures for carbon fixation (gross
  photosynthesis). Net photosynthesis also depends
  on respiration.
• 3. Muscular activity (FIG. 2)

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• I. The Importance of Temperature for Organisms
• A. Physiological processes affected by
  temperature
• 1. Metabolism and respiration. Strongly
  related to temperature in all organisms.
  Generally 2 to 2 1/2 times increase in metabolism
  for every 10 C increase in temperature (up
  to a limit).
• 2. Photosynthesis (FIG. 1). Upper and lower
  temperature limits and an optimum range of
  temperatures for carbon fixation (gross
  photosynthesis). Net photosynthesis also depends
  on respiration.
• Plants adapted to cold environments have
  lower optimum temperature than plants
  adapted to warm environments.
• 3. Muscular activity (FIG. 2)

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• I. The Importance of Temperature for Organisms
• A. Physiological processes affected by
  temperature
• 1. Metabolism and respiration. Strongly
  related to temperature in all organisms.
  Generally 2 to 2 1/2 times increase in metabolism
  for every 10 C increase in temperature (up
  to a limit).
• 2. Photosynthesis (FIG. 1). Upper and lower
  temperature limits and an optimum range of
  temperatures for carbon fixation (gross
  photosynthesis). Net photosynthesis also depends
  on respiration.
• Plants adapted to cold environments have
  lower optimum temperature than plants
  adapted to warm environments.
• 3. Muscular activity (FIG. 2). Animal
  muscular activity and ability to move
  related strongly to temperature.

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• I. The Importance of Temperature for Organisms
• B. Physiological age (physiological time)
• 1. What is it?
• 2. Example
• C. Geographic range of many organisms determined
  by temperature (FIG. 3)

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• I. The Importance of Temperature for Organisms
• B. Physiological age (physiological time)
• 1. What is it? Time required to reach a
  certain stage of development depends on
  temperature.
• 2. Example
• C. Geographic range of many organisms determined
  by temperature (FIG. 3)

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• I. The Importance of Temperature for Organisms
• B. Physiological age (physiological time)
• 1. What is it? Time required to reach a
  certain stage of development depends on
  temperature. Measured as the number of
  degree-days above some threshold
  temperature.
• 2. Example.
• C. Geographic range of many organisms determined
  by temperature (FIG. 3)

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• I. The Importance of Temperature for Organisms
• B. Physiological age (physiological time)
• 1. What is it? Time required to reach a
  certain stage of development depends on
  temperature. Measured as the number of
  degree-days above some threshold
  temperature.
• 2. Example. Development of grasshopper eggs
  requires 70 degree-days above 16C, the
  threshold temperature.
• C. Geographic range of many organisms determined
  by temperature (FIG. 3)

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• I. The Importance of Temperature for Organisms
• B. Physiological age (physiological time)
• 1. What is it? Time required to reach a
  certain stage of development depends on
  temperature. Measured as the number of
  degree-days above some threshold
  temperature.
• 2. Example. Development of grasshopper eggs
  requires 70 degree-days above 16C, the
  threshold temperature. At daily mean of 23C, it
  would take __ days, but at 30C, it would
  take only __ days.
• C. Geographic range of many organisms determined
  by temperature (FIG. 3)

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• I. The Importance of Temperature for Organisms
• B. Physiological age (physiological time)
• 1. What is it? Time required to reach a
  certain stage of development depends on
  temperature. Measured as the number of
  degree-days above some threshold
  temperature.
• 2. Example. Development of grasshopper eggs
  requires 70 degree-days above 16C, the
  threshold temperature. At daily mean of 23C, it
  would take 10 days, but at 30C, it would
  take only __ days.
• 70/(23-16) 70/7 10
• C. Geographic range of many organisms determined
  by temperature (FIG. 3)

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• I. The Importance of Temperature for Organisms
• B. Physiological age (physiological time)
• 1. What is it? Time required to reach a
  certain stage of development depends on
  temperature. Measured as the number of
  degree-days above some threshold
  temperature.
• 2. Example. Development of grasshopper eggs
  requires 70 degree-days above 16C, the
  threshold temperature. At daily mean of 23C, it
  would take 10 days, but at 30C, it would
  take only 5 days.
• 70/(23-16) 70/7 10 70/(30-16) 70/14
  5
• C. Geographic range of many organisms determined
  by temperature (FIG. 3)

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• I. The Importance of Temperature for Organisms
• B. Physiological age (physiological time)
• 1. What is it? Time required to reach a
  certain stage of development depends on
  temperature. Measured as the number of
  degree-days above some threshold
  temperature.
• 2. Example. Development of grasshopper eggs
  requires 70 degree-days above 16C, the
  threshold temperature. At daily mean of 23C, it
  would take 10 days, but at 30C, it would
  take only 5 days.
• 70/(23-16) 70/7 10 70/(30-16) 70/14
  5
• C. Geographic range of many organisms determined
  by temperature (FIG. 3)
• Organisms require a certain range of
  temperatures to survive.

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• I. The Importance of Temperature for Organisms
• B. Physiological age (physiological time)
• 1. What is it? Time required to reach a
  certain stage of development depends on
  temperature. Measured as the number of
  degree-days above some threshold
  temperature.
• 2. Example. Development of grasshopper eggs
  requires 70 degree-days above 16C, the
  threshold temperature. At daily mean of 23C, it
  would take 10 days, but at 30C, it would
  take only 5 days.
• 70/(23-16) 70/7 10 70/(30-16) 70/14
  5
• C. Geographic range of many organisms determined
  by temperature (FIG. 3)
• Organisms require a certain range of
  temperatures to survive. Example vampire
  bats cant maintain enough body heat in colonies
  below 10C air temperature so theyre not found
  north of the 10C isotherm.

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• A. Radiation
• 1. Solar radiation (FIG. 4)
• 2. Long-wave radiation (FIG. 5)

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• A. Radiation
• 1. Solar radiation (FIG. 4). Suns energy
  propagated as electromagnetic ____ and as
  particles called ______.
• 2. Long-wave radiation (FIG. 5)

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• A. Radiation
• 1. Solar radiation (FIG. 4). Suns energy
  propagated as electromagnetic waves and as
  particles called photons.
• 2. Long-wave radiation (FIG. 5)

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• A. Radiation
• 1. Solar radiation (FIG. 4). Suns energy
  propagated as electromagnetic waves and as
  particles called photons. Atmosphere reduces
  radiation, particularly in high-energy UV
  and low-energy IR.
• 2. Long-wave radiation (FIG. 5)

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• A. Radiation
• 1. Solar radiation (FIG. 4). Suns energy
  propagated as electromagnetic waves and as
  particles called photons. Atmosphere reduces
  radiation, particularly in high-energy UV
  and low-energy IR.
• 2. Long-wave radiation (FIG. 5).

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• A. Radiation
• 1. Solar radiation (FIG. 4). Suns energy
  propagated as electromagnetic waves and as
  particles called photons. Atmosphere reduces
  radiation, particularly in high-energy UV
  and low-energy IR.
• 2. Long-wave radiation (FIG. 5). All bodies
  above absolute zero (0K) emit radiation.

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• A. Radiation
• 1. Solar radiation (FIG. 4). Suns energy
  propagated as electromagnetic waves and as
  particles called photons. Atmosphere reduces
  radiation, particularly in high-energy UV
  and low-energy IR.
• 2. Long-wave radiation (FIG. 5). All bodies
  above absolute zero (0K) emit radiation.
  This long-wave or infra-red (IR) radiation is
  exchanged between organisms and the ground,
  rocks, water, air, and other organisms
  around them.

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• A. Radiation
• 1. Solar radiation (FIG. 4). Suns energy
  propagated as electromagnetic waves and as
  particles called photons. Atmosphere reduces
  radiation, particularly in high-energy UV
  and low-energy IR.
• 2. Long-wave radiation (FIG. 5). All bodies
  above absolute zero (0K) emit radiation.
  This long-wave or infra-red (IR) radiation is
  exchanged between organisms and the ground,
  rocks, water, air, and other organisms
  around them.
• B. Convection (FIG. 5)

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• B. Convection (FIG. 5) NOTE convection and
  conduction are often combined and called
  sensible heat.
• 1. What is convection?
• 2. Factors influencing the rate of convection
  

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• B. Convection (FIG. 5) NOTE convection and
  conduction are often combined and called
  sensible heat.
• 1. What is convection? Heat exchange by
  circulation of a fluid (gas or liquid)
  around a solid.
• 2. Factors influencing the rate of convection
  

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• B. Convection (FIG. 5) NOTE convection and
  conduction are often combined and called
  sensible heat.
• 1. What is convection? Heat exchange by
  circulation of a fluid (gas or liquid)
  around a solid. For organisms, it occurs by
  circulation of ___ or _____ around the
  body.
• 2. Factors influencing the rate of convection
  

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• B. Convection (FIG. 5) NOTE convection and
  conduction are often combined and called
  sensible heat.
• 1. What is convection? Heat exchange by
  circulation of a fluid (gas or liquid)
  around a solid. For organisms, it occurs by
  circulation of air or water around the
  body.
• 2. Factors influencing the rate of convection
  

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• B. Convection (FIG. 5) NOTE convection and
  conduction are often combined and called
  sensible heat.
• 1. What is convection? Heat exchange by
  circulation of a fluid (gas or liquid)
  around a solid. For organisms, it occurs by
  circulation of air or water around the
  body. Air or water near the body is warmed by
  the body, rises, and is replaced by cooler air
  or water, which cools the body.
• 2. Factors influencing the rate of convection
  

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• B. Convection (FIG. 5) NOTE convection and
  conduction are often combined and called
  sensible heat.
• 1. What is convection? Heat exchange by
  circulation of a fluid (gas or liquid)
  around a solid. For organisms, it occurs by
  circulation of air or water around the
  body. Air or water near the body is warmed by
  the body, rises, and is replaced by cooler air
  or water, which cools the body.
• 2. Factors influencing the rate of convection

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• B. Convection (FIG. 5) NOTE convection and
  conduction are often combined and called
  sensible heat.
• 1. What is convection? Heat exchange by
  circulation of a fluid (gas or liquid)
  around a solid. For organisms, it occurs by
  circulation of air or water around the
  body. Air or water near the body is warmed by
  the body, rises, and is replaced by cooler air
  or water, which cools the body.
• 2. Factors influencing the rate of convection
• Wind (accelerates convection but not
  necessary for it to occur)

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• B. Convection (FIG. 5) NOTE convection and
  conduction are often combined and called
  sensible heat.
• 1. What is convection? Heat exchange by
  circulation of a fluid (gas or liquid)
  around a solid. For organisms, it occurs by
  circulation of air or water around the
  body. Air or water near the body is warmed by
  the body, rises, and is replaced by cooler air
  or water, which cools the body.
• 2. Factors influencing the rate of convection
• Wind (accelerates convection but not
  necessary for it to occur)
• Temperature difference between body and
  surrounding air or water.

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• B. Convection (FIG. 5) NOTE convection and
  conduction are often combined and called
  sensible heat.
• 1. What is convection? Heat exchange by
  circulation of a fluid (gas or liquid)
  around a solid. For organisms, it occurs by
  circulation of air or water around the
  body. Air or water near the body is warmed by
  the body, rises, and is replaced by cooler air
  or water, which cools the body.
• 2. Factors influencing the rate of convection
• Wind (accelerates convection but not
  necessary for it to occur)
• Temperature difference between body and
  surrounding air or water
• Surface shape, size, texture, and
  orientation.

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• C. Conduction (FIG. 5)
• 1. What is conduction?
• 2. Examples

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• C. Conduction (FIG. 5)
• 1. What is conduction? Heat transfer through
  solids and between one solid and another
  one in contact with it.
• 2. Examples

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• C. Conduction (FIG. 5)
• 1. What is conduction? Heat transfer through
  solids and between one solid and another
  one in contact with it. Important for sessile
  organisms like plants and for crawling and
  burrowing animals.
• 2. Examples

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• C. Conduction (FIG. 5)
• 1. What is conduction? Heat transfer through
  solids and between one solid and another
  one in contact with it. Important for sessile
  organisms like plants and for crawling and
  burrowing animals. Air near the surface of
  all organisms is relatively still because of
  friction with the surface. Heat exchange
  in this boundary layer is by conduction
  rather than convection.
• 2. Examples

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• C. Conduction (FIG. 5)
• 1. What is conduction? Heat transfer through
  solids and between one solid and another
  one in contact with it. Important for sessile
  organisms like plants and for crawling and
  burrowing animals. Air near the surface of
  all organisms is relatively still because of
  friction with the surface. Heat exchange
  in this boundary layer is by conduction
  rather than convection.
• 2. Examples. Walking on a hot beach. Sitting
  on a cold rock. Touching anything hot.

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• D. Latent heat transfer
• 1. Evaporation (FIG. 5a)
• 2. Condensation (FIG. 5b)

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• D. Latent heat transfer
• 1. Evaporation (FIG. 5a)
• Conversion of liquid to vapor, which
  requires energy and thus cools.
• 2. Condensation (FIG. 5b)

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• D. Latent heat transfer
• 1. Evaporation (FIG. 5a)
• Conversion of liquid to vapor, which
  requires energy and thus cools.
• Requires water, temperature gradient, and
  vapor pressure gradient.
• 2. Condensation (FIG. 5b)

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• D. Latent heat transfer
• 1. Evaporation (FIG. 5a)
• Conversion of liquid to vapor, which
  requires energy and thus cools.
• Requires water, temperature gradient, and
  vapor pressure gradient.
• 2. Condensation (FIG. 5b)

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• D. Latent heat transfer
• 1. Evaporation (FIG. 5a)
• Conversion of liquid to vapor, which
  requires energy and thus cools.
• Requires water, temperature gradient, and
  vapor pressure gradient.
• 2. Condensation (FIG. 5b)
• Conversion of vapor to liquid, which gives
  off energy and warms.

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• D. Latent heat transfer
• 1. Evaporation (FIG. 5a)
• Conversion of liquid to vapor, which
  requires energy and thus cools.
• Requires water, temperature gradient, and
  vapor pressure gradient.
• 2. Condensation (FIG. 5b)
• Conversion of vapor to liquid, which gives
  off energy and warms.
• Water that is formed is called ___ if
  above freezing or _____ if below freezing.

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• D. Latent heat transfer
• 1. Evaporation (FIG. 5a)
• Conversion of liquid to vapor, which
  requires energy and thus cools.
• Requires water, temperature gradient, and
  vapor pressure gradient.
• 2. Condensation (FIG. 5b)
• Conversion of vapor to liquid, which gives
  off energy and warms.
• Water that is formed is called dew if
  above freezing or frost if below freezing.

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• E. Metabolic production of heat

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• II. Pathways of Heat Exchange
• E. Metabolic production of heat
• For some organisms, metabolic processes
  provide a continual source of internal heat.
  Not normally considered one of the pathways of
  heat exchange but perhaps should be, at least
  for organisms.

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• III. Plant Energy Budgets
• A. Net energy balance (FIG. 5)
• B. Adaptation to excess heat (FIG. 6)
• C. Adaptations to cold

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• III. Plant Energy Budgets
• A. Net energy balance (FIG. 5)
• Plant must have enough energy but not too
  much!
• B. Adaptation to excess heat (FIG. 6)
• C. Adaptations to cold

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• III. Plant Energy Budgets
• A. Net energy balance (FIG. 5)
• Plant must have enough energy but not too
  much! Balance is result of incoming and
  outgoing radiation, conduction, convection, and
  latent heat transfer.
• B. Adaptation to excess heat (FIG. 6)
• C. Adaptations to cold

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• III. Plant Energy Budgets
• A. Net energy balance (FIG. 5)
• Plant must have enough energy but not too
  much! Balance is result of incoming and
  outgoing radiation, conduction, convection, and
  latent heat transfer. On a sunny day, leaf
  equilibrates above air temperature because it
  cant get rid of all excess energy. On a cold
  night, leaf equilibrates below air temperature
  because cant avoid all energy loss.
• B. Adaptation to excess heat (FIG. 6)
• C. Adaptations to cold

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• III. Plant Energy Budgets
• A. Net energy balance (FIG. 5)
• Plant must have enough energy but not too
  much! Balance is result of incoming and
  outgoing radiation, conduction, convection, and
  latent heat transfer. On a sunny day, leaf
  equilibrates above air temperature because it
  cant get rid of all excess energy. On a cold
  night, leaf equilibrates below air temperature
  because cant avoid all energy loss.
• B. Adaptation to excess heat (FIG. 6)
• What leaf traits should be best for a hot,
  sunny environment?
• C. Adaptations to cold

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• III. Plant Energy Budgets
• A. Net energy balance (FIG. 5)
• Plant must have enough energy but not too
  much! Balance is result of incoming and
  outgoing radiation, conduction, convection, and
  latent heat transfer. On a sunny day, leaf
  equilibrates above air temperature because it
  cant get rid of all excess energy. On a cold
  night, leaf equilibrates below air temperature
  because cant avoid all energy loss.
• B. Adaptation to excess heat (FIG. 6)
• What leaf traits should be best for a hot,
  sunny environment? Selects for traits to _____
  solar radiation (R), ______ conduction/convection
  (C/C) and _____ latent heat transfer by
  evapotranspiration (ET).
• C. Adaptations to cold

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• III. Plant Energy Budgets
• A. Net energy balance (FIG. 5)
• Plant must have enough energy but not too
  much! Balance is result of incoming and
  outgoing radiation, conduction, convection, and
  latent heat transfer. On a sunny day, leaf
  equilibrates above air temperature because it
  cant get rid of all excess energy. On a cold
  night, leaf equilibrates below air temperature
  because cant avoid all energy loss.
• B. Adaptation to excess heat (FIG. 6)
• What leaf traits should be best for a hot,
  sunny environment? Selects for traits to
  reduce solar radiation (R), increase
  conduction/convection (C/C) and increase latent
  heat transfer by evapotranspiration (ET).
• C. Adaptations to cold

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• III. Plant Energy Budgets
• B. Adaptation to excess heat (FIG. 6)
• What leaf traits should be best for a hot,
  sunny environment? Selects for traits to
  reduce solar radiation (R), increase
  conduction/convection (C/C) and increase latent
  heat transfer by evapotranspiration (ET).
• Reduce R -
• Increase C/C -
• Increase ET -
• C. Adaptations to cold

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• III. Plant Energy Budgets
• B. Adaptation to excess heat (FIG. 6)
• What leaf traits should be best for a hot,
  sunny environment? Selects for traits to
  reduce solar radiation (R), increase
  conduction/convection (C/C) and increase latent
  heat transfer by evapotranspiration (ET).
• Reduce R - white color, hairs, waxy layer,
  curling, vertical orientation
• Increase C/C -
• Increase ET -
• C. Adaptations to cold

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• III. Plant Energy Budgets
• B. Adaptation to excess heat (FIG. 6)
• What leaf traits should be best for a hot,
  sunny environment? Selects for traits to
  reduce solar radiation (R), increase
  conduction/convection (C/C) and increase latent
  heat transfer by evapotranspiration (ET).
• Reduce R - white color, hairs, waxy layer,
  curling, vertical orientation
• Increase C/C - small or dissected leaves,
  fluttering leaves
• Increase ET -
• C. Adaptations to cold

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• III. Plant Energy Budgets
• B. Adaptation to excess heat (FIG. 6)
• What leaf traits should be best for a hot,
  sunny environment? Selects for traits to
  reduce solar radiation (R), increase
  conduction/convection (C/C) and increase latent
  heat transfer by evapotranspiration (ET).
• Reduce R - white color, hairs, waxy layer,
  curling, vertical orientation
• Increase C/C - small or dissected leaves,
  fluttering leaves
• Increase ET - need water so have deep roots or
  store water (e.g. cactus)
• C. Adaptations to cold

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• III. Plant Energy Budgets
• B. Adaptation to excess heat (FIG. 6)
• What leaf traits should be best for a hot,
  sunny environment? Selects for traits to
  reduce solar radiation (R), increase
  conduction/convection (C/C) and increase latent
  heat transfer by evapotranspiration (ET).
• Reduce R - white color, hairs, waxy layer,
  curling, vertical orientation
• Increase C/C - small or dissected leaves
  (compound), fluttering leaves
• Increase ET - need water so have deep roots or
  store water (e.g. cactus)
• C. Adaptations to cold
• 1. Protect sensitive tissues from exposure -
  the concept of life forms
• 2. Frost resistance

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• III. Plant Energy Budgets
• C. Adaptations to cold
• 1. Protect sensitive tissues from exposure -
  the concept of life forms
• Plants are classified by location of
  regenerating (perennating) structures
  during cold winters.
• 2. Frost resistance

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• III. Plant Energy Budgets
• C. Adaptations to cold
• 1. Protect sensitive tissues from exposure -
  the concept of life forms
• Plants are classified by location of
  regenerating (perennating) structures
  during cold winters. Its warmest near the
  ground and under the snow. (FIG. 8)
• 2. Frost resistance

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Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• III. Plant Energy Budgets
• C. Adaptations to cold
• 1. Protect sensitive tissues from exposure -
  the concept of life forms
• Plants are classified by location of
  regenerating (perennating) structures
  during cold winters. Its warmest near the
  ground and under the snow. Seeds are very
  resistant to cold. Plants surviving
  through the winter as seeds are called ______ or
  ________.
• 2. Frost resistance

78
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• III. Plant Energy Budgets
• C. Adaptations to cold
• 1. Protect sensitive tissues from exposure -
  the concept of life forms
• Plants are classified by location of
  regenerating (perennating) structures
  during cold winters. Its warmest near the
  ground and under the snow. Seeds are very
  resistant to cold. Plants surviving
  through the winter as seeds are called annuals or
  therophytes.
• 2. Frost resistance

79
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• III. Plant Energy Budgets
• C. Adaptations to cold
• 1. Protect sensitive tissues from exposure -
  the concept of life forms
• Plants are classified by location of
  regenerating (perennating) structures
  during cold winters. Its warmest near the
  ground and under the snow. Seeds are very
  resistant to cold. Plants surviving
  through the winter as seeds are called annuals or
  therophytes.
• 2. Frost resistance (physiological response
  to survive cold temperatures)

80
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• III. Plant Energy Budgets
• C. Adaptations to cold
• 1. Protect sensitive tissues from exposure -
  the concept of life forms
• Plants are classified by location of
  regenerating (perennating) structures
  during cold winters. Its warmest near the
  ground and under the snow. Seeds are very
  resistant to cold. Plants surviving
  through the winter as seeds are called annuals or
  therophytes.
• 2. Frost resistance (physiological response
  to survive cold temperatures)
• Frost hardening -
• Supercooling -

81
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• III. Plant Energy Budgets
• C. Adaptations to cold
• 1. Protect sensitive tissues from exposure -
  the concept of life forms
• Plants are classified by location of
  regenerating (perennating) structures
  during cold winters. Its warmest near the
  ground and under the snow. Seeds are very
  resistant to cold. Plants surviving
  through the winter as seeds are called annuals or
  therophytes.
• 2. Frost resistance (physiological response
  to survive cold temperatures)
• Frost hardening - develops in response to
  shorter days in fall. Exposed tissues
  become tougher by dehydration, other processes.
• Supercooling -

82
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• III. Plant Energy Budgets
• C. Adaptations to cold
• 1. Protect sensitive tissues from exposure -
  the concept of life forms
• Plants are classified by location of
  regenerating (perennating) structures
  during cold winters. Its warmest near the
  ground and under the snow. Seeds are very
  resistant to cold. Plants surviving
  through the winter as seeds are called annuals or
  therophytes.
• 2. Frost resistance (physiological response
  to survive cold temperatures)
• Frost hardening - develops in response to
  shorter days in fall. Exposed tissues
  become tougher by dehydration, other processes.
• Supercooling - production of excess sugars
  other compounds to increase solute
  concentration and reduce freezing point in cells.

83
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• A. Basic relationship between body size and
  metabolic rate (FIG. 8)
• B. The thermal personality of animals
• C. Mechanisms to tolerate temperature extremes

84
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• A. Basic relationship between body size and
  metabolic rate (FIG. 8)
• Heat loss is proportional to the surface area
  exposed to the environment.
• B. The thermal personality of animals
• C. Mechanisms to tolerate temperature extremes

85
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• A. Basic relationship between body size and
  metabolic rate (FIG. 8)
• Heat loss is proportional to the surface area
  exposed to the environment.
• Small animals have large surface
  area-to-volume ratio and require more energy
  per unit weight to keep warm in cool environment.
• B. The thermal personality of animals
• C. Mechanisms to tolerate temperature extremes

86
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87
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• A. Basic relationship between body size and
  metabolic rate (FIG. 8)
• Heat loss is proportional to the surface area
  exposed to the environment.
• Small animals have large surface
  area-to-volume ratio and require more energy
  per unit weight to keep warm in cool environment.
  Large animals have small surface
  area-to-volume ratio and have difficulty
  keeping cool in warm environments.
• B. The thermal personality of animals
• C. Mechanisms to tolerate temperature extremes

88
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• A. Basic relationship between body size and
  metabolic rate (FIG. 8)
• Heat loss is proportional to the surface area
  exposed to the environment.
• Small animals have large surface
  area-to-volume ratio and require more energy
  per unit weight to keep warm in cool environment.
  Large animals have small surface
  area-to-volume ratio and have difficulty
  keeping cool in warm environments.
• B. The thermal personality of animals
• 1. Ectotherms (FIG. 9)
• 2. Endotherms
• 3. Heterotherms

89
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• B. The thermal personality of animals
• 1. Ectotherms (FIG. 9). Regulate amount of
  external energy they receive to maintain a
  fairly constant body temperature.
• 2. Endotherms
• 3. Heterotherms

90
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• B. The thermal personality of animals
• 1. Ectotherms (FIG. 9). Regulate amount of
  external energy they receive to maintain a
  fairly constant body temperature. Also called
  heliotherms or poikilotherms.
• 2. Endotherms
• 3. Heterotherms

91
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• B. The thermal personality of animals
• 1. Ectotherms (FIG. 9). Regulate amount of
  external energy they receive to maintain a
  fairly constant body temperature. Also called
  heliotherms or poikilotherms. Examples -
  reptiles, amphibians, most fish, some large
  invertebrates (butterflies, dragonflies)
• 2. Endotherms
• 3. Heterotherms

92
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• B. The thermal personality of animals
• 1. Ectotherms (FIG. 9). Regulate amount of
  external energy they receive to maintain a
  fairly constant body temperature. Also called
  heliotherms or poikilotherms. Examples -
  reptiles, amphibians, most fish, some large
  invertebrates (butterflies, dragonflies). Mostly
  small organisms (but alligators and sharks
  are ectotherms).
• 2. Endotherms
• 3. Heterotherms

93
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94
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• B. The thermal personality of animals
• 1. Ectotherms (FIG. 9). Regulate amount of
  external energy they receive to maintain a
  fairly constant body temperature. Also called
  heliotherms or poikilotherms. Examples -
  reptiles, amphibians, most fish, some large
  invertebrates (butterflies, dragonflies). Mostly
  small organisms (but alligators and sharks
  are ectotherms).
• 2. Endotherms.
• 3. Heterotherms

95
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• B. The thermal personality of animals
• 1. Ectotherms (FIG. 9). Regulate amount of
  external energy they receive to maintain a
  fairly constant body temperature. Also called
  heliotherms or poikilotherms. Examples -
  reptiles, amphibians, most fish, some large
  invertebrates (butterflies, dragonflies). Mostly
  small organisms (but alligators and sharks
  are ectotherms).
• 2. Endotherms. Use metabolism to regulate
  body temperature. Also called
  homeotherms.
• 3. Heterotherms

96
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• B. The thermal personality of animals
• 1. Ectotherms (FIG. 9). Regulate amount of
  external energy they receive to maintain a
  fairly constant body temperature. Also called
  heliotherms or poikilotherms. Examples -
  reptiles, amphibians, most fish, some large
  invertebrates (butterflies, dragonflies). Mostly
  small organisms (but alligators and sharks
  are ectotherms).
• 2. Endotherms. Use metabolism to regulate
  body temperature. Also called
  homeotherms. Examples - birds and mammals.
• 3. Heterotherms

97
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• B. The thermal personality of animals
• 1. Ectotherms (FIG. 9). Regulate amount of
  external energy they receive to maintain a
  fairly constant body temperature. Also called
  heliotherms or poikilotherms. Examples -
  reptiles, amphibians, most fish, some large
  invertebrates (butterflies, dragonflies). Mostly
  small organisms (but alligators and sharks
  are ectotherms).
• 2. Endotherms. Use metabolism to regulate
  body temperature. Also called homeotherms.
  Examples - birds and mammals. Very effective
  but whats the trade-off?
• 3. Heterotherms

98
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• B. The thermal personality of animals
• 1. Ectotherms (FIG. 9). Regulate amount of
  external energy they receive to maintain a
  fairly constant body temperature. Also called
  heliotherms or poikilotherms. Examples -
  reptiles, amphibians, most fish, some large
  invertebrates (butterflies, dragonflies). Mostly
  small organisms (but alligators and sharks
  are ectotherms).
• 2. Endotherms. Use metabolism to regulate
  body temperature. Also called
  homeotherms. Examples - birds and mammals. Very
  effective but whats the trade-off?
  Requires more energy (FIG. 8).
• 3. Heterotherms

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100
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• B. The thermal personality of animals
• 1. Ectotherms (FIG. 9). Regulate amount of
  external energy they receive to maintain a
  fairly constant body temperature. Also called
  heliotherms or poikilotherms. Examples -
  reptiles, amphibians, most fish, some large
  invertebrates (butterflies, dragonflies). Mostly
  small organisms (but alligators and sharks
  are ectotherms).
• 2. Endotherms. Use metabolism to regulate
  body temperature. Also called
  homeotherms. Examples - birds and mammals. Very
  effective but whats the trade-off?
  Requires more energy (FIG. 8).
• 3. Heterotherms

101
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• B. The thermal personality of animals
• 3. Heterotherms. Endotherms that relax
  control of metabolism during inactive
  period and allow body temperature to drop to near
  ambient.

102
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• B. The thermal personality of animals
• 3. Heterotherms. Endotherms that relax
  control of metabolism during inactive
  period and allow body temperature to drop to near
  ambient. Torpor -
• Hibernation -

103
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• B. The thermal personality of animals
• 3. Heterotherms. Endotherms that relax
  control of metabolism during inactive
  period and allow body temperature to drop to near
  ambient. Torpor - metabolism relaxed
  daily (some bats in day, hummingbirds at
  night).
• Hibernation -

104
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• B. The thermal personality of animals
• 3. Heterotherms. Endotherms that relax
  control of metabolism during inactive
  period and allow body temperature to drop to near
  ambient. Torpor - metabolism relaxed
  daily (some bats in day, hummingbirds at
  night).
• Hibernation - metabolism relaxed for an
  entire season (a few squirrels, some
  mice, marmots, hamsters, many bats).

105
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• B. The thermal personality of animals
• 3. Heterotherms. Endotherms that relax
  control of metabolism during inactive
  period and allow body temperature to drop to near
  ambient. Torpor - metabolism relaxed
  daily (some bats in day, hummingbirds at
  night).
• Hibernation - metabolism relaxed for an
  entire season (a few squirrels, some
  mice, marmots, hamsters, many bats). Body temp.
  of true hibernators lt 10C. Chipmunks,
  bears arent true hibernators.

106
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• B. The thermal personality of animals
• 3. Heterotherms. Endotherms that relax
  control of metabolism during inactive
  period and allow body temperature to drop to near
  ambient. Torpor - metabolism relaxed
  daily (some bats in day, hummingbirds at
  night).
• Hibernation - metabolism relaxed for an
  entire season (a few squirrels, some
  mice, marmots, hamsters, many bats). Body temp.
  of true hibernators lt 10C. Chipmunks,
  bears arent true hibernators.
• C. Mechanisms to tolerate temperature extremes
  (FIGS. 9, 10)

107
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• C. Mechanisms to tolerate temperature extremes
  (FIGS. 9, 10)
• 1. Insulation - feathers, fur, fat layer. Can
  also reflect radiant energy.

108
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• C. Mechanisms to tolerate temperature extremes
  (FIGS. 9, 10)
• 1. Insulation - feathers, fur, fat layer. Can
  also reflect radiant energy.
• 2. Shivering - involuntary muscle activity to
  increase heat production.

109
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• C. Mechanisms to tolerate temperature extremes
  (FIGS. 9, 10)
• 1. Insulation - feathers, fur, fat layer.
  Can also reflect radiant energy.
• 2. Shivering - involuntary muscle activity to
  increase heat production. Flight muscles
  of moths, butterflies, bees shiver!

110
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• C. Mechanisms to tolerate temperature extremes
  (FIGS. 9, 10)
• 1. Insulation - feathers, fur, fat layer.
  Can also reflect radiant energy.
• 2. Shivering - involuntary muscle activity to
  increase heat production. Flight muscles
  of moths, butterflies, bees shiver!
• 3. Evaporative cooling - sweat glands,
  panting, breathing.

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112
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• C. Mechanisms to tolerate temperature extremes
  (FIGS. 9, 10)
• 1. Insulation - feathers, fur, fat layer.
  Can also reflect radiant energy.
• 2. Shivering - involuntary muscle activity to
  increase heat production. Flight muscles
  of moths, butterflies, bees shiver!
• 3. Evaporative cooling - sweat glands,
  panting, breathing.
• 4. Supercooling - produce solutes to lower
  freezing point of cells.

113
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• C. Mechanisms to tolerate temperature extremes
  (FIGS. 9, 10)
• 1. Insulation - feathers, fur, fat layer.
  Can also reflect radiant energy.
• 2. Shivering - involuntary muscle activity to
  increase heat production. Flight muscles
  of moths, butterflies, bees shiver!
• 3. Evaporative cooling - sweat glands,
  panting, breathing.
• 4. Supercooling - produce solutes to lower
  freezing point of cells.
• 5. Heat storage and release - camels, oryx,
  and other desert animals store heat during
  day and release at night.

114
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• C. Mechanisms to tolerate temperature extremes
  (FIGS. 9, 10)
• 1. Insulation - feathers, fur, fat layer.
  Can also reflect radiant energy.
• 2. Shivering - involuntary muscle activity to
  increase heat production. Flight muscles
  of moths, butterflies, bees shiver!
• 3. Evaporative cooling - sweat glands,
  panting, breathing.
• 4. Supercooling - produce solutes to lower
  freezing point of cells.
• 5. Heat storage and release - camels, oryx,
  and other desert animals store heat during
  day and release at night.
• 6. Countercurrent heat exchange - arterial
  blood warms adjacent blood in veins
  returning to body from extremities (porpoise,
  Canada goose).

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116
Lecture 4 Temperature and Energy Budgets

• IV. Animal Energy Relations
• C. Mechanisms to tolerate temperature extremes
  (FIGS. 9, 10)
• 1. Insulation - feathers, fur, fat layer.
  Can also reflect radiant energy.
• 2. Shivering - involuntary muscle activity to
  increase heat production. Flight muscles
  of moths, butterflies, bees shiver!
• 3. Evaporative cooling - sweat glands,
  panting, breathing.
• 4. Supercooling - produce solutes to allow