Chapter 21, Section 3

1
Chapter 21, Section 3

• Challenges and Changes in the Movement

2
African-Americans Seek Greater Equality

• Civil rights groups started to drift apart
• New leaders emerged
• Where did the movement turn its attention?
• What is de jure segregation?
• (by law)
• What is de facto segregation?
• exists in fact, but not by law (by practice
  and custom)

3
Urban Violence Erupts

• What significant changes occurred in mid-60s?

4
With the Civil Rights Act of 64 and the Voters
Rights Act of 65, why would there be violence?
5
Rochester, New York Riots of 1964
6
Was the act of rioting a new phenomenon in
American history?
7
The Boston Tea Party
8
New Leaders Voice Discontent

• Malcolm Little (Malcolm X)
• Early life
• whites were the cause of the condition in which
  blacks found themselves and that blacks should
  separate from white society.
• How did his philosophy change after a pilgrimage
  to Mecca?

9
Black Power

• Stokley Carmichael
• Did MLK approve of the Black Power slogan?
• Black Panthers - (1966) founded in Oakland, Ca.
• -to fight brutality in the ghetto
• a program for the people

10
Black Panthers advocated

• Taking control of African-American communities
• Full employment and decent housing
• Exemption from military service
• Armed revolt

11
1968 A Turning Point in Civil Rights

• Prior to Kings death, he left the South to
  spread his message of nonviolence to Northern
  cities.
• Dr. Kings Death (Memphis, TN)
• I may not get there with you, King said, but I
  want you to know tonight that we as a people will
  get to the Promised Land.
• James Earl Ray assassinated MLK on April 4, 1968.

12
Civil Rights Legacy

• Gains ended de jure segregation, Constitutional
  and legal changes guaranteed civil rights of all
  Americans, Congress passed the most important
  civil rights legislation since Reconstruction,
  and the numbers of African-Americans who went to
  HS and college significantly increased.

13
Civil Rights Legacy

• Unfinished Work changing peoples attitudes and
  behavior, whites fear of riots and radical
  groups (Black Panthers), poverty rate 3 times
  greater, reverse segregation in school (75 in
  the North and 50 in the South)

14
Kerner Commission

• On March 2, 1968, Johnson appointed a study of
  the causes of urban violence.
• The Kerner Commission issued a 200,000-word
  report.
• In it, the panel named one main cause white
  racism

15
Affirmative Action

• Are programs that involve making special efforts
  to hire or enroll groups that have suffered from
  discrimination in the past.
• What are the two sides to a program like this?