Firstwave feminism

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First-wave feminism First-wave feminism refers
to a period of feminist activity during the
nineteenth century and early twentieth century in
the United Kingdom and the United States. It
primarily focused on gaining the right of women's
suffrage. The term, "first-wave," was coined
retroactively after the term second-wave feminism
began to be used to describe a newer feminist
movement.
Second-wave feminism Second-wave feminism refers
to a period of feminist activity which began
during the early 1960s and lasted through the
1980s. Second Wave Feminism is generally
identified with a period beginning in the early
nineteen sixties and ending in the late nineteen
seventies. Whereas first-wave feminism focused
largely on de jure (officially mandated)
inequalities, second wave feminism saw de jure
and de facto (unofficial) inequalities as
inextricably linked issues that had to be
addressed in tandem. The movement encouraged
women to understand aspects of their own personal
lives as deeply politicized, and reflective of a
sexist structure of power. If first-wave feminism
focused upon absolute rights such as suffrage,
second-wave feminism was largely concerned with
other issues of equality ranging from the
economic to the reproductive. This latter
reproduction issue came probably out with the
marketing of the pill since 1960. Second wave
feminism often tried to foster a common female
identity in which all women could find political
solidarity, a tendency that third-wave feminism
would later criticize extensively.
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Third-wave feminism Third-wave feminism is a
term identified with several diverse strains of
feminist activity and study beginning in the late
1980s. The movement arose as a response both to
perceived failures of second-wave feminism and to
the popular backlash against the progress of that
same second wave. Third-wave feminism seeks to
challenge or avoid the second wave's
"essentialist" definitions of femininity which
often assumed a universal female identity and
over-emphasized the experiences of upper middle
class white women. A post-structuralist
interpretation of gender and sexuality is central
to much of the third wave and helps to account
for its heightened emphasis on the discursive
power and fundamental ambiguity inherent in all
gender terms and categories. Third wave theory
usually encompasses queer theory, women-of-color
consciousness, post-colonial theory, critical
theory, transnationalism, ecofeminism, and new
feminist theory. In contrast to their
predecessors, third wave feminists often focus on
"micropolitics," writing about forms of gender
expression and representation that are less
explicitly political. They also challenged the
second wave's definitions about what is or is not
good for females, by finding signs of empowerment
and resistance in areas which were not a part of
the second wave paradigm.
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