Zachary%20Tigert,%20Courtney%20Flowers,%20Emily%20Casey,%20Moriah%20Balingit,%20Jessica%20Bryan,%20Rob%20Wyman

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Blue Group!

• Zachary Tigert, Courtney Flowers, Emily Casey,
  Moriah Balingit, Jessica Bryan, Rob Wyman

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Our Oil Production Distribution Systems
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History

• The American petroleum industry began with the
  discovery of oil in 1859 in Pennsylvania.
• While it was known that oil existed off of the
  eastern seaboard in 1775, the first oil drill
  operation began in 1859. Oil was struck 69 feet
  below the surface.
• Today, the U.S. investment in the oil industry
  stands at half a trillion dollars in wells,
  refineries and distribution systems. The
  industry employs 1.5 million people directly and
  6 million indirectly.
• Sources The Petroleum Industry Today.
  http//www.midwestnpioneer.org/central/conoco.html
  and
• http//college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/h
  tml/rc_066100_oilindustry.htm. Houghton Mifflin,
  college division.

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Oil Pipelines

• Currently, there exists roughly 95,000 miles of
  crude oil pipelines that connect the major U.S.
  markets.
• However, these existing lines cannot be used to
  transport hydrogen because of diffusion losses,
  brittleness of materials and compressor
  incompatibilities. Also, hydrogen lines must be
  larger than the current 8-24 inch diameter lines.
  
• Major lines cost roughly 5 million a mile.

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Gas Stations

• As of 1998, there were 187,097 retail stations
  selling motor fuel in the U.S.
• The U.S. population in 1998 was roughly 270
  million which averages to one gas station per
  1,443 people.
• A medium sized filling station sells roughly 26
  metric tons of gasoline a day. Currently, this
  fuel can be supplied by one truck. However, it
  would take 22 tube-trailer hydrogen trucks or 3
  liquid hydrogen trucks to deliver the same amount
  of energy.
• The transfer of the hydrogen from these trucks to
  underground storage tanks would also take much
  longer than draining gas from one truck.
• Likely, storage tanks will need to be unearthed
  and retrofitted to store hydrogen, not gas.

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Problems with Production
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Problems with Production

• Myth Hydrogen is an abundantly available fuel.
• Fact Sure, hydrogen is the most common element
  in the universe. But hydrogen molecules are
  bound up in other molecules and we have to expend
  energy to get them out of other stuff.

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How its done

• Now
• Hydrogen is a feedstock for chemical production
• Steam reforming from natural gas (48) and Oil
  (30)
• Electrolysis (4)
• Coal Gasification (18)
• Possibilities for the future
• Clean Coal and Natural Gas
• Renewable Electrolysis
• Thermo-chemical

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Natural Gas

• Currently the cheapest and most efficient way to
  produce hydrogen
• Steam and methane are mixed in a reactor at high
  temperatures (700 C 1100 C) in the presence of
  a metal catalyst to create hydrogen gas and
  carbon monoxide
• The United States produces about 9 megatons of
  hydrogen a year this way

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Problems with Natural Gas

• Problems
• Doesnt eliminate reliance on natural gas
• Doesnt reduce hydrocarbon emissions
• Requires energy to heat water and methane
• Price dependent on cost of natural gas

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Coal

• How it works
• Gaseous coal is mixed with oxygen and steam under
  really really really high pressures and
  temperatures to produce carbon monoxide, carbon
  dioxide and hydrogen gas
• Problems
• It produces harmful emissions carbon dioxide,
  carbon monoxide and sulfur
• Coal mining bad for landscape
• It costs twice as much as natural gas

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Electrolysis

• How it works
• An electric current is run through water and it
  separates into its negatively charged (hydrogen)
  molecules and its positively charged (oxygen)
  molecules
• Efficiency38.4 kwh/kg of hydrogen

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Problems with Electrolysis

• If the electricity going into the process is
  produced by a coal-fired plant it would take
  140.8 kwh of energy to produce one kilogram of
  hydrogen
• Considering a fuel cell produces about 23.3
  kwh/kg hydrogen, its not a lot of bang for your
  buckand its a heck of a lot more expensive than
  steam reforming
• It requires pure water
• Conclusion Put the electricity back into the
  grid or right into the car

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Renewable Electrolysis

• Advocates say renewable energy sources could be
  used to produce the electricity necessary for
  electrolysis
• Problems
• It would take 3.75 trillion kwh of electricity to
  perform electrolysis to deliver hydrogen to a
  hydrogen-fueled U.S. car fleet
• Examining current renewable energy capabilities
• (https//blackboard.uoregon.edu/webapps/portal/fra
  meset.jsp?tabcoursesurl/bin/common/course.pl?co
  urse_id_203859_1)
• -its just not realistic
• -plus, you could just put that energy back into
  the grid

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Clean Coal and Natural Gas Reforming

• Same technology for gasification
• Eliminates emissions through carbon sequestration
• Problems
• Only economical for large scale plants
• Would add about 0.30 - 0.50 per kg hydrogen to
  sequester hydrogen
• Technology still far from being developed
• Technology hasnt addressed other emissions

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Thermo-chemical

• Water is heated to extremely high temperature
  (800-1000 C) and combined with other elements to
  create dissociation
• Greater efficiency than electrolysis
• Problems
• Requires a high energy input to heat the water to
  that temperature
• Requires nuclear energy if its to be cost
  effective

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Myth California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger
is pumping hydrogen into his new hydrogen
Hummer.Fact Theres nothing in that hose. And
the car doesnt even belong to him.
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Cost of Hydrogen
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Costs- The Challenge

• Past 50 years- cost of pressurized hydrogen (a
  cylinder of about .6kg H2) is 100/kg H2 plus a
  cylinder rental fee
• For Hydrogen economy, we must achieve a cost that
  of only a few /kg
• This is not feasible at all in terms of cost for
  energy production because of the efficiency
  issues of producing hydrogen, and it is not
  feasible for transportation usage because of
  infrastructure costs

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Problems with H2 cost projections

• The intro.rate of H2 based vehicles is nearly
  1/100th of what was expected
• The price of natural gas has increased by a
  factor of 10 in the last 30 yrs. and 3 in the
  last 6 (2004) and is likely to increase by more
  than another factor of 2 in the next 15 yrs.

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More Problems

• Small H2 dispensing stations cost about 600,000-
  10x more than originally expected
• H2 storage costs in amounts less than tens of
  thousands of kgs. are 100x greater than for
  fossil fuels and biofuels

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NG-H2 Prices
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Fueling the H2 car
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Costs- Conclusion and Alternative

• H2 is not an economically feasible alternative to
  gasoline with projections of several dollars per
  kilogram
• Diesel and biodiesel are more promising as
  transportation alternatives- they could be as low
  as .5/kg and .6/kg respectively

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Infrastructure Trasportation
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Hydrogen Car

• Best Case Scenario
• Starts Production 2010
• The problem
• 500,000,000 gas powered vehicles in the US

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Pipeline

• Energy-intensive
• 3.8 times more energy than NG
• Hydrogen loss over distance
• .77 per 100km
• (thats 62 miles for those of you who cant
  think in the metric system)

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Hydrogen goes 3000 Km
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Heating and Electricity The Inefficiencies of
Hydrogen
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Outline

• Expense of Producing Hydrogen
• The Finite Resource of Water
• Alternatives
• Political Factors

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Expense of Producing Hydrogen

• Rare Platinum as a Catalyst in the Fuel Cells
• Storage of Hydrogen
• As a gas the inefficiencies

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The Water Factor

• Fresh Water Needed
• Earths water supply
• We need to save some clean water for us!
• 96 of Earths water is in oceans and saline
• 99.7 of all the water on Earth is not available
  for human and animal consumption

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Alternatives?
Maybe Hydrogen is not the cure all!
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• Biofuels ethanol, waste, biodiesel
• Electricity (it has worked thus farwhy not in
  the future?)
• Electricity?Hydrogen? Electricity
• That seems inefficient

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Hydrogen Timeline

• Presidents Hydrogen Initiative warns that
  Hydrogen is not panacea
• Over-sold to the public
• Unrealistic expectations about timeframe
• Transition periods of several decades
• Careful coordination of dev takes time
• Early commitment to hydrogen fuel unwise risks
  technological lock-in

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Alternatives

• Major report recommends develop diverse portfolio
• Electric Vehicles / Plug-in Hybrids
• Biofuels (Cellulosic ethanol)
• Biodiesel / Synthetic diesel
• Direct application of electricity derived from
  renewable energy sources

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The Politics of Hydrogen

• Too much Lip service, not enough money
• 1.2 billion to hydrogen, also 1.5 billion to
  healthy marriages
• Monthly tab Iraq 3.9 billion
• 2004 Department of energy spent more nuclear and
  fossil fuel
• FreedomCAR program required to create hydrogen
  powered car, not sell one

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Investment Willingness Catch 22

• Financial risks involved in dev of H2 technology
  are significant.
• Oil companies not will to invest if only handful
  hydrogen cars.
• Automakers not willing to make hydrogen cars if
  nowhere fill them.
• Retrofitting just 25 refueling stations more
  than 13 billion.

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Politics!!

• The Bush Factor
• Unfeasibility of transforming the world, or even
  the United States in just thirty years
• We are dependant on foreign oil (duh!) from
  countries who do not like us. Hydrogen will not
  be the solution

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The End!