?????? ??????? ???? ??????, ????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?"???? ??????" ?? ??? ?????? ???? ((emic/etic. ????????? ????? ?"?????? ?? ??????" ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????

1
?? ????????? ????????????? ????
?????????? ???????????????? ????
2
???? ?????????-??????????

• ?????? ??????? ???? ??????, ????? ????????????
  ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????
  ?"???? ??????" ?? ??? ?????? ???? ((emic/etic.
  ????????? ????? ?"?????? ?? ??????" ??????? ??
  ????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ????????
  ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????.
• ?? ???? ???????????????? ?????? ?"???????
  ?????????", ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???
  ??? ???? ?????.

3
????????? (?????) ?? "?????"

• ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? - ????? ?????? ??
• ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???
  ?????.
• ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? - ???? ?? ????
• ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????.
• ??? ???? ????? ?????????? - ???? ??????
  ??????
• ???? ???? ??????-??????.
• ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????-????? ?? ?????/?
  ?? ??????? (?? ?????) ???? ????? ????? ????
  ??????.

4
????? ???????? - ??????

• ?????? ????????
• ??-??????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????, ?????????
  ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????, ???? ???????
  ???? ???? ??????.
• ??????????
• ???? ??????, ??????????, ????? ?????????? ?? ???
  ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????'.
• ?????? ?????? ????, ??????, ?????
  ??????????, ????...

5
??-?????? ???? ?????

• And it is here that the power of ethnography as
  cultural criticism resides since there are
  always multiple sides and multiple expressions of
  possibilities active in any situation, some
  accommodating, others resistant to dominant
  cultural trends or interpretations, ethnography
  as cultural criticism locates alternatives by
  unearthing these multiple possibilities as they
  exist in reality (Marcus Fischer,
  Anthropology as Cultural Critique An
  Experimental Moment in the Human Sciences,
  Chicago U Press, 1986, p. 116)

6
????? ?? ??????

• In all these efforts, three kinds of critical
  thrust are important the critique of ideologies
  in action, the critique of social-science
  approaches, and the identification of de facto or
  explicit critiques out there in society, among
  ethnographic subjects themselves (Marcus
  Fischer, p. 156)

7
?????? ?????? ?? ???

• ???? ????? ?????? ?????/? ???? ?????
• ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??
  ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????
• ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????
  ????/?-????/? ???? ????? (Writing Culture)
• ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????,
  ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? (????? ?????
  ?? ?????)

8
????? ?????????? ????????

• ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???-?????? ???????
  ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????.
  ???? ?? ?????
• ??????????? ?? '????' ?? '?????' ???????? ??????
  ??????? ????? ????? ???"? ???????.
• ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? -studying
  up - ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????
  ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????
  ??????-?????? (??? ????, ???? ??? ????
  ????????CDA ).
• ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????.

9
????????? ?? ????? ?????????

• ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????
  ????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????
  (??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????)
• ????? ????? ?????? ???????, ??????
  ???????????, ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???-????????,
  ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????,
• ????.

10
??????

• ?? ????? ?. ??? ????????? ?? ???? ??????, ?????
  ??????.
• ?. ?? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??????
  ???????????
• ???? ???? ?????/?, ???? ?????
  ????? ?????? ??
• ??????.
• ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ???
  ??????? ???????
• ????????
• ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??????????
• ??????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????????
  ????????