Hawaiian Hazards

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Hawaiian Hazards

• Volcanic
• Earthquakes
• Landslides
• Tsunami
• Other

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1983-1996 Real-Estate Stats

• 161 homes destroyed since
• 61 Million in damages
• 500 acres of new land!

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1868 SW Rift Zone Eruption

• Fast moving flows
• 30 people and cattle died
• Area now has a housing development.

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Poisonous Gasses

• CO2 - Carbon Dioxide
• CO - Carbon Monoxide
• SO2 Sulfur Dioxide
• H2S Hydrogen Sulfide
• HCl Hydrocloric Acid
• HF Hydrofluoric Acid

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Keouas Army 1790
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Recent lava flow deaths

• None were buried alive by lava
• 2000 2 hikers from Volcano steam burns
• 1998 - local resident cliff
• 1993 - Kona photographer - collapsed ledge

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Seismic Hazards
Courtesy of Kaye M. Shedlock, USGS
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Top 5 in the past 2 Weeks

• 3.1 2006/03/01 085900 19.443N 155.312W 5.0 5 km
  ( 3 mi) NW of Kilauea Summit
• 4.0 2006/03/01 085713 19.443N 155.319W 5.9 5 km
  (3 mi) WNW of Kilauea Summit
• 3.1 2006/02/27 234242 19.382N 155.243W 1.2 5 km
  ( 3 mi) SE of Kilauea Summit
• 4.6 2006/02/16 152233 19.336N 155.212W 10.0 10
  km ( 6 mi) NW of Kaena Point
• 3.8 2006/02/16 113529 19.756N 156.108W 44.7 17
  km (11 mi) NW of Kailua

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Mauna Loa Recent Seismics

• RECENT HISTORY
• Swarm in April 2002
• Quiet until July 2004
• CURRENT PROGNOSIS
• Relatively quiet
• GPS data shows inflation
• Much slower and quieter

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Hawaii
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Kalapana, 1975

• 7.2 Magnitude
• 3.5m subsidence
• 4 Million in damages

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• Moving 10 cm/year
• Fault system connected to 1975 and 1868 quakes

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Other noteworthy quakes
Maui 1938
Oahu 1948
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Detailed Cross Section of a Hawaiian Shield
Volcano
hyaloclastite
km
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from Moore (1964)
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from Moore et al. (1989)
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This is NOT a Tsunami!
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Generation of a Tsunami
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Period of each Wave is Long!
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• 1946 tsunami in Hilo Bay
• 7.5 Earthquake in Aleutian Trench
• 159 Killed in Hawaii

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• Hilo after 1946 tsunami
• 25 Million in Damages

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• 1960 Chile - 9.5
• gt 200 Deaths in Chile
• 61 Deaths in Hawaii
• 22 Million in Damages

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Tsunami Surge - Wailua River
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• 1923, 1952 Kamchatka

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• 1964 Prince William Sound

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• 1975 Kalapana 7.2

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2000

When is the next one?
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Tsunami Warning

• The tsunami warning system wet up in 1949 in
  response to the 46 tragedy
• Global Seismic Network plus other networks
  provide earthquake information
• NOAA and other tide gauges provide water level
  information
• Problem
• Tide gauges
• Location

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DARTDeep Ocean Assessment and Reporting of
Tsunamis

• Real-time measurement of pressure at the seafloor
• Capable of detecting long-wavelength waves as
  small as half a centimeter in amplitude
• Drawbacks
• Expensive (200,000 each)
• Sparse (so far only 6)
• High maintenance cost

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The DART Array
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Evacuation maps

• The tsunami evacuation maps in the phone book
  were developed by considering historical events
  and by performing simple 1-D inundation modeling.
• The maps are currently being revised using modern
  2-D modeling.
• The revisions will be minor.
• Consequences of revision?

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DISCUSSION