Are you Correctly Citing Sources?

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Are you Correctly Citing Sources?

• A quick look at citation (or lack there of) in
  action!
• By Dr. Jennifer L. Bowie

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To Prevent Plagiarism

• If it wasnt in your head before the research,
  cite it!
• If the information came from any outside source,
  cite it!
• If you use the exact phrasing of your source make
  it a quotation!
• If you use the general ideas info, but not the
  exact words you are paraphrasing and you still
  need to cite it!
• For each citation provide an in-text citation and
  full source data in the bibliography/ works
  cited/reference page!

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What do you think? Is this correct?

• India has very different norms of doing business
  than western culture that could affect the
  success of BWI. Indians do not like to make
  commitments over the phone due to a fear of being
  cut-off because until recently telecommunication
  channels were not very reliable (Katz, 2005,
  p.6). There is a lot of mistrust in business
  relationships rather than trust. Indians are also
  often late for appointments and is not considered
  wrong because personal life and family life take
  priority over business and productivity. Their
  lunch periods are much longer and deadlines are
  not as important but Indians are known to work
  longer than a typical 9-5 shift.

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What do you think? Is this correct?

• With the high rate of infectious diseases in
  India at any one point 40-50 million people can
  be on medication for major sickness. 75 of
  Indians are on private healthcare and only 6
  rely on government healthcare. The problems that
  face the Indian healthcare are the increased
  costs, high finance burden, income of the poor
  gets eroded and there is an increased risk of the
  government healthcare systems will be
  under-funded.

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What do you think? Is this correct?

• South Africa has no single one business culture,
  therefore it is difficult to delineate business
  ethics across the country definitively. The
  oppression from the years of apartheid has left
  many South Africans distrustful of western, white
  influence (World Factbook). However, the white
  minority in South Africa dominates business, and
  thus the business ethics of South Africans is
  very heavily influenced by European business
  practices and most business dealings are done in
  English ("Business"). South Africans are
  transactional, unlike the Chinese and the
  Indians, and they do not need to establish close
  relationships before doing business ("South
  Africa Guide"). Attitudes towards women in
  business resemble Western European or American
  attitudesthat is, women usually do not occupy
  senior level positions and may be treated
  condescendingly, but they are steadily gaining
  power and recognition in the industry, currently
  comprising about 41 of the business culture of
  South Africa ("Skills").

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How does this look?

• What can we do about this? Chinas business
  ethics reflect its society, which emphasizes the
  importance of strong relationships where everyone
  takes responsibility for fellow members of their
  group ("Do"). Where westerners build
  transactions, and if successful, build
  relationships, the Chinese believe it is
  important to make personal connections, or
  "quanxi," and then move onto business
  ("Business"). Obligations come from
  relationships, not contracts, therefore
  presenting a legal contract early in the
  transaction may be viewed as improper business
  etiquette ("Do"). The Chinese do not rush into
  decisions, and may deliberate a great length over
  something that may take an American
  businessperson five minutes to decide ("Do").
  Because of this and taking into account the
  language barrier (which may make it more
  difficult to establish relationships, negotiate,
  and close business deals), much more time and
  travel may be necessary before business
  arrangements are finalized ("Do"). Women in China
  represent a large percentage of the total
  workforce in China, and they are employed at all
  levels of government as well as in economics,
  culture, education, and science ("Do"). Still,
  women occupy few positions of authority in most
  businesses, and women still struggle with
  stereotypes of womens gender role ("Do").

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How can we fix this?

• What can we do about this? Chinas business
  ethics reflect its society, which emphasizes the
  importance of strong relationships where everyone
  takes responsibility for fellow members of their
  group ("Do"). Where westerners build
  transactions, and if successful, build
  relationships, the Chinese believe it is
  important to make personal connections, or
  "quanxi," and then move onto business
  ("Business"). Obligations come from
  relationships, not contracts, therefore
  presenting a legal contract early in the
  transaction may be viewed as improper business
  etiquette ("Do"). The Chinese do not rush into
  decisions, and may deliberate a great length over
  something that may take an American
  businessperson five minutes to decide ("Do").
  Because of this and taking into account the
  language barrier (which may make it more
  difficult to establish relationships, negotiate,
  and close business deals), much more time and
  travel may be necessary before business
  arrangements are finalized ("Do"). Women in China
  represent a large percentage of the total
  workforce in China, and they are employed at all
  levels of government as well as in economics,
  culture, education, and science ("Do"). Still,
  women occupy few positions of authority in most
  businesses, and women still struggle with
  stereotypes of womens gender role ("Do").

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Better?

• As the China-Window.com website suggests, Chinas
  business ethics reflect its society, which
  emphasizes the importance of strong relationships
  where everyone takes responsibility for fellow
  members of their group. Where westerners build
  transactions, and if successful, build
  relationships, the Chinese believe it is
  important to make personal connections, or
  "quanxi," and then move onto business
  ("Business"). Obligations come from
  relationships, not contracts, therefore
  presenting a legal contract early in the
  transaction may be viewed as improper business
  etiquette ("Do"). According to China-Window.com ,
  the Chinese do not rush into decisions, and may
  deliberate a great length over something that may
  take an American businessperson five minutes to
  decide. Because of this and taking into account
  the language barrier (which may make it more
  difficult to establish relationships, negotiate,
  and close business deals), much more time and
  travel may be necessary before business
  arrangements are finalized ("Do").
  China-Window.com states that women in China
  represent a large percentage of the total
  workforce in China, and they are employed at all
  levels of government as well as in economics,
  culture, education, and science. But, drawing
  further on China-Window.com, women occupy few
  positions of authority in most businesses, and
  women still struggle with stereotypes of womens
  gender role.

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Examples

• In its "Worldwide Online Population Forecast,
  2006 to 2011," JupiterResearch anticipates that a
  38 percent increase in the number of people with
  online access will mean that, by 2011, 22 percent
  of the Earth's population will surf the Internet
  regularly.
• JupiterResearch says the worldwide online
  population will increase at a compound annual
  growth rate of 6.6 percent during the next five
  years, far outpacing the 1.1 percent compound
  annual growth rate for the planet's population as
  a whole. The report says 1.1 billion people
  currently enjoy regular access to the Web.
• North America will remain on top in terms of the
  number of people with online access. According to
  JupiterResearch, online penetration rates on the
  continent will increase from the current 70
  percent of the overall North American population
  to 76 percent by 2011. However, Internet adoption
  has "matured," and its adoption pace has slowed,
  in more developed countries including the United
  States, Canada, Japan and much of Western Europe,
  notes the report.
• As the online population of the United States and
  Canada grows by about only 3 percent, explosive
  adoption rates in China and India will take
  place, says JupiterResearch. The report says
  China should reach an online penetration rate of
  17 percent by 2011 and India should hit 7 percent
  during the same time frame. This growth is
  directly related to infrastructure development
  and increased consumer purchasing power, notes
  JupiterResearch.
• From http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_I
  nternet 8/23/07

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Examples

• Carol Barnum discusses the lack of consideration
  of age and sex differences in usability testing
  in her book Usability Testing and Research
  (2002). She points out some research, but she
  says there is much research that still needs to
  be done (p. 160). Barnum states, whenever
  your user population includes both men and women,
  it is a very good idea to include both in your
  user profile, as the differences can be
  noteworthy (p. 160). She also suggests, drawing
  on Chauncey Wilsons work, that usability testers
  consider a variety of other areas that could/do
  create differences in the users and their use of
  the products including motivation, general
  education, subject knowledge, and much more (p.
  158). LaDuc agrees with Barnum in regard to sex
  and gender and states that sex and/or gender must
  be addressed so women are not disadvantaged (p.
  129).
• From Bowie Beyond the Universal The Universe of
  Users Approach to User-Centered Design

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Examples

• Recent scholarship in technical communication has
  focused on usability and argued for a
  user-centered approach to the technological
  design and development processes (see, for
  example, Bravo, 1993 Barnum, 2002 Hugh Beyer
  Karen Holtzblatt, 1998 Robert Johnson, 1998
  Mary Raven Alicia Flanders, 1996). These design
  methods focus on usability through user-centered
  design and have become increasingly integral
  parts of technical communication since the 1980s
  (Barnum, 2002, p. xvi).
• From Bowie Beyond the Universal The Universe of
  Users Approach to User-Centered Design

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Examples

• In participatory design the people destined to
  use the system play a critical role in designing
  it (Douglas Schuler Aki Namioka, 1993, p. xi,
  italics in original). Participatory design
  includes collaboration between the designer and
  the users with data co-constructed by the
  participants and researchers (Clay Spinuzzi,
  2000, p. 423). Unlike usability testing and
  contextual inquiry, participatory design is more
  of a humane approach in which a relationship is
  developed between the users and designers (Aki
  Namioka Christopher Rao, 1996, p. 283, citing
  Suchman). According to Namioka and Rao,
  participatory design
• Considers technology as a way of giving the
  workers better tools for doing their jobs
• Views the users as experts who are best able to
  determine how to improve their work and their
  work life
• Sees users perceptions of the tool and feelings
  about the tool as important
• Regards technology as part of the context of the
  workplace (p. 283-284)
• From Bowie Beyond the Universal The Universe of
  Users Approach to User-Centered Design

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Examples

• Some scholars in the literature on these
  user-centered design methods argue that we should
  address the differences between users. For
  example, Barnum suggests that designers determine
  subgroups of users where the characteristics in
  that subgroup are carefully identified (2000,
  p. 158). Some subgroups, she suggests, are
  experience levels, age, and sex (p. 159). Dumas
  and Redish also suggest designers use subgroups
  to better study users (1994, p. 125-126). But
  designers following these suggestions often
  categorize the users into broad groups and treat
  the groups as factors. These categories rely on a
  simple, cursory understanding of demographics
  rather than a more complex understanding of how
  human activity works.
• From Bowie Beyond the Universal The Universe of
  Users Approach to User-Centered Design

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When in question?
Cite it!
Or ask me!

• For more information on how to cite sources
  http//owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/
• In this class you may use MLA or APA. If you
  would like to use another method of citation ask
  permission first.

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Lets Prevent Plagiarism Together!