How to Correctly Cite Your Sources

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How to Correctly Cite Your Sources

• or Parenthetical citations friend or foe?

Compiled from the Purdue OWL website at
http//owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/544/03/
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What the heck are Parenthetical Citations?

• Parenthetical citations are brief references
  within the text of your paper to the sources
  listed on your Works Cited list.
• They are a way for you to acknowledge that the
  information just referred to in your text comes
  from one of your research sources, and not from
  your own thoughts.

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Every time you quote, paraphrase, or summarize
information from one of your sources, you must
give credit to your source by citing it using a
parenthetical citation.

• Human beings have been described as symbol-using
  animals (Burke 3).

In this example, our information about humans
being symbol-using animals was quoted directly
from our source
Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action
Essays on Life, Literature, and Method.
Berkeley U of California Press, 1966. Print.
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So

• A parenthetical citation contains just enough
  information to help the reader (your teacher)
  locate the source in your Works Cited list at the
  end of your paper - typically, the authors last
  name followed by a space and the relevant page
  number (or numbers). If your source does not list
  an author, use a shortened title of the work
  instead.
• Parenthetical citations and Works Cited pages
  allow readers to know which sources you consulted
  in writing your paper, so that they can verify
  your interpretation of the sources.

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Here are some examples

1. Basic citation Place the citation at the end of
   the sentence that contains the material you are
   documenting. The citation should appear after the
   last word of the sentence but before the end mark.

Human beings have been described as symbol-using
animals (Burke 3).
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Here are some examples

1. A long quotation citation When documenting a
   long quotation (four lines or more), indent the
   text of the quote five spaces and place the
   citation after the end punctuation.

No one is really certain about the origins of the
term Dust Bowl
H. L. Mencken in a footnote to the first
supplement to this monumental The American
Language traces the term to an Associated Press
dispatch sent by then staff writer Robert Geiger
from Guymon, Oklahoma, on April 15th, 1935.
(French,Companion 3)
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Here are some examples

1. Basic citation with authors name in text If the
   name of the author appears within the text, then
   give only the page number

As H. Kelly Crockett has pointed out, the
Oklahoma migrants found not a Promised Land but
a man-blighted Eden (195).
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Here are some examples

1. Citation of an anonymous work If the author of a
   work is not apparent, use an abbreviated version
   of the title, followed by the page number. Make
   sure the first word in the abbreviated title is
   the first word listed for that work in your Works
   Cited list

One contributor wrote that the novel contained a
number of factual errors (Some Factual Errors
647).
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Here are some examples

1. Citation of an encyclopedia or similar reference
   work When citing an article in an encyclopedia
   give only the title or a shortened version of the
   title

One cause of the Dust Bowl was misuse of the land
(Dust Bowl).
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Here are some examples

1. Citation of a work by two or three authors When
   citing a work by two or three authors, give the
   authors last names and the page number

Very little is known about how dolphins and
whales communicate (Akmajian, Demers, and
Harnish 36).
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Here are some examples

1. Citation of a work by more than three authors
   When citing a work with more than three authors,
   give the last name of the first author, followed
   by et al. and the page number

Scientists are still debating whether the higher
apes can be taught to create sentences in sign
language (Kim et al. 427).
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Here are some examples

1. Citation of a non-paginated source For a source
   without page numbers, give the name of the
   author. If no author, give the title or a
   shortened version of the title

The migrants didnt have the necessary money, or
Do-Re-Me, to live decently (Guthrie).
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Remember

• Cite anything that isnt your own thought or idea
  (this includes direct quotations, paraphrases or
  summaries).
• If youre not sure whether to cite a passage in
  your paper or not, its better to just cite it!
• If you have any additional questions, you can
  refer back to this presentation, or check out the
  Purdue University Online Writing Lab at
  http//owl.purdue.edu/owl

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The Endor is it?
Dont forget to turn in your First Page and
Works Cited page on Wednesday, December 16th!
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