Naming Hydrocarbons

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Naming Hydrocarbons

• The following four IUPAC rules are applied in
  naming the branched-chain alkanes.

• Determine the longest continuous (not necessarily
  straight) chain of carbon atoms.
• The base name corresponds to the number of
  carbon atoms in the longest chain. (see Table
  24.5)
• The full name for the alkane will include the
  names of any branches.

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Naming Hydrocarbons

• The following four IUPAC rules are applied in
  naming the branched-chain alkanes.

• Determine the longest continuous (not necessarily
  straight) chain of carbon atoms.

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Naming Hydrocarbons

• The following four IUPAC rules are applied in
  naming the branched-chain alkanes.

• Any chain branching off the longest chain is
  named as an alkyl group.
• Table 24.6 lists some alkyl groups.

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Naming Hydrocarbons

• The following four IUPAC rules are applied in
  naming the branched-chain alkanes.

• The complete name of a branch requires a number
  that locates the branch on the longest chain.
• Always number from the end of the longest chain
  closest to the first branch.

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Naming Hydrocarbons

• The following four IUPAC rules are applied in
  naming the branched-chain alkanes.

1. The complete name of a branch requires a number
   that locates the branch on the longest chain.

2-methylhexane
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Naming Hydrocarbons

• The following four IUPAC rules are applied in
  naming the branched-chain alkanes.

• When there are more than one alkyl branch of the
  same kind, this number is indicated by a prefix,
  such as di-, tri-, tetra-, used with the name of
  the alkyl group.
• The position of each group on the longest chain
  is given by numbers.

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Naming Hydrocarbons

• The following four IUPAC rules are applied in
  naming the branched-chain alkanes.

1. When there are more than one alkyl branch of the
   same kind, this number is indicated by a prefix,
   such as di-, tri-, tetra-, used with the name of
   the alkyl group.

3,4-dimethylhexane
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Naming Hydrocarbons

• The following four IUPAC rules are applied in
  naming the branched-chain alkanes.

• When there are two or more different branches,
  the name of each branch, with its position
  number, precedes the base name.
• The branch names are placed in alphabetical
  order.

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Naming Hydrocarbons

• The following four IUPAC rules are applied in
  naming the branched-chain alkanes.

• When there are two or more different branches,
  the name of each branch, with its position
  number, precedes the base name.

3-ethyl-2-methylpentane
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Can you name it?
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Nomenclature of Alkenes and Alkynes

• The following four IUPAC rules are applied in
  naming the branched-chain alkenes and alkynes.

• The rules are essentially the same as those for
  alkanes, except that names end in ene for
  alkenes and yne for alkynes.
• The position of the double (or triple) bond is
  indicated in the name by bond position number.

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Nomenclature of Alkenes and Alkynes

• The following four IUPAC rules are applied in
  naming the branched-chain alkenes and alkynes.

3-methyl-1-pentene
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Nomenclature of Alkenes and Alkynes

• The following four IUPAC rules are applied in
  naming the branched-chain alkenes and alkynes.

• Recall that alkenes also exhibit cis and trans
  isomerism and so either cis or trans must be
  included in the name.

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Derivatives of Hydrocarbons

• A functional group is a reactive portion of a
  molecule that undergoes predictable reactions.

• Table 24.7 lists some common organic functional
  groups.

• In the previous sections we discussed the
  hydrocarbons and their reactions.
• All other organic compounds can be considered to
  be derivatives of hydrocarbons.

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Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen

• Many of the important functional groups in
  organic compounds contain oxygen.

• Examples are
• alcohols
• ethers
• aldehydes
• ketones
• carboxylic acids
• esters

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Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen

• An alcohol is a compound obtained by substituting
  a hydroxyl group (-OH) for an H atom on a carbon
  atom of a hydrocarbon group.

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Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen

• An ether is a compound with an oxygen bridge
  between two alkyl groups.

• This is the most common ether, often called
  simply ether, used as an anesthetic.

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Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen

• An aldehyde is a compound containing a carbonyl
  group with at least one H atom attached to it.

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Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen

• A ketone is a compound containing a carbonyl
  group with two hydrocarbon groups attached to it.

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Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen

• A carboxylic acid is a compound containing the
  carboxyl group, -COOH.

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Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen

• An ester is a compound formed from a carboxylic
  acid, RCOOH, and an alcohol, ROH.

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Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

• Most organic bases are amines, which are
  compounds that are structurally derived by
  replacing one or more hydrogen atoms of ammonia
  with hydrocarbon groups.

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Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

• Most organic bases are amines, which are
  compounds that are structurally derived by
  replacing one or more hydrogen atoms of ammonia
  with hydrocarbon groups.

• Table 24.9 lists some common amines.

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Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

• Amides are compounds derived from the reaction of
  ammonia, or of a primary or secondary amine, with
  a carboxylic acid.

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Operational Skills

• Writing a condensed structural formula
• Predicting cis-trans isomers
• Predicting the major product of an addition
  reaction
• Writing the IUPAC name of a hydrocarbon given the
  structural formula, and vice versa

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Conceptual Problem 24.19