Carbon and Hydrocarbons

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Chapter 20 Carbon and Hydrocarbons Near
ingZero.net
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Chapter 20.1

• Carbon is found in nature both as an element and
  in combined form.
• 17th abundant element in the Earths crust by
  mass.
• Found in all living things, tissue and in the
  foods we eat.
• Is also found in fuels (coal, petroleum, natural
  gas, wood.)

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• Allotropes of carbon
• Diamond is a colorless, crystalline, solid form
  of carbon.
• Hardest material known.
• Most dense form of carbon.
• Extremely high melting point ( 3500C)
• Used industrially for cutting, drilling, and
  grinding
• Graphite is a soft, black, crystalline form of
  carbon that conducts electricity.
• Feels greasy and crumbles easily.
• Used in pencil lead
• Extremely high melting point (3652C)
• Used in sporting goods and aircraft.
• Fullerenes are dark-colored solids made of
  spherically networked carbon-atom cages.

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• Fullerenes
• Discovered in the mid-1980s
• Are part of soot that forms
• when carbon-containing
• materials are burned with
• limited oxygen
• Most stable form is C60
• Because of its structural resemblance to geodesic
  domesthey names C60 Buckminsterfullerene in
  honor of geodesic dome architect, Buckminster
  Fuller.
• Resembles a soccer ball called Buckyball

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Chapter 20.2

• Organic compounds are covalently bonded compounds
  containing carbon, excluding carbonates and
  oxides.
• The diversity of organic compounds results from
  the uniqueness of carbons structure and bonding.
• Carbons electronic structure allows it to bind
  to itself and form chains and rings, to bind
  covalently to other elements, and to bind to
  itself and other elements in different
  arrangements.

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• Catenation the covalent binding of an element to
  itself to form chains or rings.
• Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds,
  composed of only carbon and hydrogen.
• Structural Formula indicates the number and types
  of atoms present in a molecule and also shows the
  bonding arrangement of the atoms.

CH3-CH2-CH3
Condensed formula
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• Isomers are compounds that have the molecular
  formula but different structures.
• Structural isomer are isomers in which the atoms
  are bonded together in different orders

2-methylpropane
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• Geometric isomers are isomers in which the order
  of atom bonding is the same but the arrangement
  of atom in space is different.
• Cis groups on the same side
• Trans groups are on opposite side (Cl)

H
Cl
Cis
Trans
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Chapter 20.3

• Saturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons in which
  each carbon atom in the molecule forms four
  single covalent bonds with other atoms.
• Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only single
  bonds. (No Double Bonds). Formula CnH2n2

For every Carbon 4 hydrogens
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• Cycloalkanes are alkane in which the carbon atoms
  are arranged in a ring, or cyclic structure.
  Formula CnH2(n)

C5H2(5) C5H10
Cyclopentane
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• Table 20-3 You need to memorize!!! Pg 636

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• Alkyl groups are groups of atoms that are formed
  when one hydrogen atom is removed from an alkane
  molecule.
• Alkyl groups are named by replacing the suffix
  ane of the parent alkane with the suffix -yl

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Rules for Alkane Nomenclature

• Name the parent hydrocarbon. Find the longest
  continuous chain of carbons. Add the suffix ane
  to the prefix.

7 carbons is the longest chain. So the parent
name is heptane
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• Add the names of the alkyl groups. Add the names
  in front of the parent name in alpha order. If
  more than one group has the same name add di-,
  tri-,tetra.

ethly methyl heptane
ethyl
methyl
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• Number the carbon atoms in the parent
  hydrocarbon. IF one or more alkyl groups are
  present, number the carbon atoms in the
  continuous chain so that the alkyl groups have
  the lowest position s. If there are 2 equal
  lowest position numbers with 2 different alkyl
  groups, give the lowest number to the alpha order.

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• Insert position numbers. Put the position s of
  each alkyl group in from of the name of that
  alkyl group.
• Punctuate the name. s from name hyphen.If there
  is more than 1 ...put commas in between s.

3-ethyl-2-methyl heptane
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Examples

• Sample problems in text pgs. 639-641
• Them OUT

1.
2.

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Rules for Cycloalkane Nomenclature

• Name the parent hydrocarbon. Count the of
  carbons in the ring. Add the prefix cyclo-. Add
  the suffix ane to the prefix.

6 carbons so cyclohexane
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• Add the names of the alkyl groups. If more than
  one of the same alkyl group is present use di-,
  tri-, tetra-

methyl
methyl
methyl methyl cyclohexane
Dimethyl
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• Number the carbon atoms in the parent
  hydrocarbon. IF one or more alkyl groups are
  present, number the carbon atoms in the ring so
  that the alkyl group that comes 1st
  alphabetically has 1. Then, in the direction
  that gives the rest of the alkyl groups the
  lowest numbers possible.

1
2
11
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• Insert position numbers.
• Punctuate the name.

1,2-dimethylcyclohexane
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• Natural gas is a fossil fuel composed primarily
  of alkanes containing one to four carbon atoms.
• Petroleum is a complex mixture of different
  hydrocarbons that varies greatly in composition.
  Contain from 1 to more than 50 carbon atoms.
• Octane rating of a fuel is a measure of its
  burning efficiency and its antiknock properties.

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Chapter 20.4

• Unsaturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons in
  which not all carbon atoms have four single
  covalent bonds. (Double and triple bonds).

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• Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain double
  covalent bonds.

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Rules for Alkene Nomenclature

• Name the parent hydrocarbon. Locate the longest
  continuous chain that contains the double
  bond(s). If there is only one double bond, add
  the suffix ene to the prefix. If there is more
  than one double bond, modify the suffix to
  indicate the number of double bonds. 2adiene,
  3atriene

4 carbons 1 double bond Butene
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Methyl
Methyl

• Add the names of the alkyl groups.
• Dimethylbutene

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• Number the carbon atoms in the parent
  hydrocarbon. Number the chain so that the 1st
  carbon in the double bond has the lowest number.
  IF numbering from both ends gives equivalent
  positions for two double bonds, then number from
  the end nearest the first alkyl group.

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• Insert position numbers. Place double-bond
  position numbers immediately before the name of
  the parent hydrocarbon alkene.
• Place alkyl group position numbers immediately
  before the mane of the corresponding alkyl group.
• Punctuate the name.

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• Alkynes are hydrocarbons with triple covalent
  bonds.

Propyne
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Rules for naming Alkynes

• Name the parent hydrocarbon. Locate the longest
  continuous chain that contains the Triple
  bond(s). If there is only one triple bond, add
  the suffix yne to the prefix. If there is more
  than one triple bond, modify the suffix to
  indicate the number of double bonds. 2adiyne,
  3atriyne
• Add the names of the alkyl groups
• Number the carbon atoms in the parent
  hydrocarbon. Number the carbon atoms in the chain
  so that the 1st carbon atom in the triple bond
  nearest the end of the chain has the lowest
  number. If numbering from both ends gives the
  same positions for two triple bonds, then number
  from the end nearest the 1st alkyl group.
• Insert position numbers.
• Punctuate the name.

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• Aromatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons with
  six-membered carbon rings and delocalized
  electrons.
• Benzene is the primary aromatic hydrocarbon.

Benzene
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Aromatic Hydrocarbon Nomenclature

• Name the parent hydrocarbon. The parent
  hydrocarbon is the benzene ring.
• Add the names of alkyl groups.
• Number the carbon atoms in the parent
  hydrocarbon. If there are 2 or more alkyl groups
  attached to the benzene ring, number the carbon
  atoms in the ring. Assign position number one to
  the alkyl group that comes 1st alpha. Then number
  in the direction that gives the rest of the alkyl
  groups the lowest s.
• Insert position numbers.
• Punctuate the name.

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Functional Groups

• Halogens- end in o-
• 1-Chloropentane Cl-C-C-C-C-C
• Alcohol end in nol
• Pentanol C-C-C-C-C-OH

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Work Cited

• Cartoon. Aug. 11, 2006. http//www.nearingzero.net
  /sbunch5.html
• Buckyball. May 10, 2007. http//www.ydae.purdue.
  edu/ANE/images/colorBuckyball.jpg
• Butane. May 11, 2007. http//www.purchon.com/che
  mistry/images/butane.gif
• 2-methylpropane. May 11, 2007.
  http//www.chemistry-help.info/2-methylpropane.gif
  
• 1,2-dichloroethane trans. May 11, 2007.
  http//content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-comm
  ons/thumb/5/5d/150px-1,2-dichloroethane.png
• Cyclopentane. May 11, 2007. http//www.chemvc.co
  m/tim/cyclopentane.jpg
• Prefix chart. May 11, 2007. http//www.schoolisl
  and.com/review/reference/chem20table20p.gif
• Propane. May 13, 2007. http//ibchem.com/IB/ibfi
  les/organic/org_img/propane.gif

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• Methane, Ethane, Propane. May 13, 2007.
  http//cache.eb.com/eb/image?id16894
• Cyclohexane. May 13, 2007. http//www.elmhurst.ed
  u/chm/vchembook/images/515cyclopentane.GIF
• Ethene, Butene, Propene, Pentene. May 14, 2007.
  http//www2.milwaukee.k12.wi.us/madison/dept01/sci
  ence/kdog/notes/alkenes.gif
• Propyne. May 14, 2007. http//hyperphysics.phy-a
  str.gsu.edu/hbase/organic/imgorg/propyne.gif
• Benzene. May 14, 2007. http//www.amacad.org/ima
  ges/benzene.gif