Chemistry Of Life: Carbon

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Chemistry Of LifeCarbon Macromolecules

• Chapter 5

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Carbohydrates

• Structure
• Monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages to
  form polysaccharides
• Function
• Precursor to other molecules
• Structure
• Cell ID (glycoproteins)
• Energy storage

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Monosaccharide Structures vary due to

• Number of carbon atoms
• Location of carbonyl (CO) group

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• Location of hydroxyl (-OH) group

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• Linear and ring forms

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Polysaccharides

• Polymerization
• Condensation reaction between two hydroxyl groups
  called a glycosidic linkage.

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Types of Polysaccharides

• ?-glucose polymer For STORAGE
• Starch (plants)
• Glycogen (animals)

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• ?-glucose polymer For STRUCTURE
• Cellulose (plant cell walls)
• Chitin (fungi cell walls, some algae, many animal
  exoskeletons)
• Peptidoglycan (bacterial cell walls)

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To Release Energy

• ?-Glycosidic Linkages Are Hydrolyzed by Enzymes
  to Release Glucose
• Glycogen
• Phosphorylase
• Starch
• Amylase
• Glucose is then used to in the production of ATP

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Lipids

• Nonpolar
• Due to hydrocarbons
• Hydrophobic
• Due to fatty acid (hydrocarbon chain bonded to a
  carboxyl (COOH) group)

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3 Types of Lipids Found in Cells

1. Fats (Triglycerides)

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3 Types of Lipids Found in Cells

• 2. Steroids

Below Cholesterol
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3 Types of Lipids Found in Cells

• 3. Phospholipids
• Amphipathic

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Selective Permeability of Lipid Bilayers
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Bond Saturation in the Hydrocarbon Chain

• CC can cause a kink
• Prevent close packing of tails
• reduce hydrophobic interactions
• Unsaturated fats
• Chains with at least one double bond
• Saturated fats
• No double bonds
• More chemical energy

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Phospholipid Membrane
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Factors That INCREASE Membrane Permeability

• More CC
• Shorter tail
• Fewer cholesterol molecules in the membrane
• Increased Temperature

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DNA

• Store and transmit biological information,
  contained in the sequence of the bases.
• Carries the information required for the growth
  and reproduction of all cells.
• Stable, resistant to degradation.

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Nucleotides
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Polymerization
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DNA vs. RNA

• Differences
• RNA contains uracil instead of thymine.
• RNA contains ribose instead of deoxyribose.
• The presence of the OH group on ribose makes RNA
  much more reactive and less stable than DNA.
• 3. RNA is single stranded, can H bond with
  itself to create loops/stems

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Proteins

• Structure
• Storage
• Transport
• Defense
• Catalysis
• Signaling
• Movement

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Primary (1o) Structure

• Amino acid sequence

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Secondary (2o) Structure

• 3D shape from H bonding
• ?-helices
• ?-pleated sheets

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Tertiary (3o) Structure

• Interactions between R-groups or between R-groups
  and the peptide backbone
• H bonds
• hydrophobic interactions
• van der Waals interactions
• covalent disulfide bonds
• and ionic bonds

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Quaternary (4o) Structure

• Combinations of individual proteins that make up
  larger, multiunit molecules

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Denaturation Protein loses shape due to
improper heat, pH, etc.