Carbon compounds The chemistry of life

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Carbon compoundsThe chemistry of life
Read notes under the slides
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Organic molecules

• Organic molecules all contain carbon.
• Usually bonded to N, H, O, P, S.
• CHNOPS most common 6 elements in organisms.

Amino acid alanine
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Why Carbon

• Carbon forms the backbone of the molecule.
• Carbon bonds with 1,2, 3, or 4 covalent bonds.
• Macromolecules are made up of chains of monomers.
• Functional groups give characteristics to the
  molecule

Single bonds
Triple bonds
Double bonds
Think what is an analogy for the relationship
between monomers and macromolecules?
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macromolecules

• Organisms are made of many types of molecules.
• There are 4 types of macromolecules that are most
  important to the running of cells.
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acid

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Condensation reactions

• Condensation (dehydration) reactions link
  monomers into polymers.
• Hydrolysis breaks polymers into building blocks
  (monomers).

Think why is water needed to break these bonds
but not to form them?
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Monosaccharides

• Saccharides are simple sugars
• Glucose C6H12O6.
• 2 linked form disaccharides.
• Ex lactose, sucrose, maltose.
• Sugars usually have names that end in ose

Glucose
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Carbohydrates

• Composed of monosaccharides.
• Only C,H,O.
• Hydrogen to oxygen ratio is 21.
• Used for structure and energy storage.
• Most common polysaccharides
• Starch
• Cellulose which is the most common carbohydrate

Plant Cell Walls
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Amino acids

• Carbon atom
• Amino group
• R group (radical)
• Hydrogen

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polypeptide

• Dipeptide is a molecule composed of two amino
  acids.
• Connected by a covalent bond called a peptide
  bond.
• Many amino acids hooked together are called a
  polypeptide.

Four polypeptides of hemoglobin
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Proteins

• A protein is a polymer of amino acids.
• 20 different types of amino acids found in
  nature.
• Proteins are either for structure or enzymes.
• Composed of C,H,N,O.

A large protein such as an enzyme
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Lipids

• Lipids are fats
• They are made of fatty acids and glycerol
• Lipids are nonpolar which makes them
  hydrophobic which means they dont mix with
  water
• Fats, oils, and wax are all lipids

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Nucleic Acids

• Nucleotides are the monomers that make up nucleic
  acids
• They contain 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group,
  and nitrogenous base
• DNA and RNA are important nucleic acids

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Summary questions (answer in paragraph form)

1. Name each macromolecule and the monomers that
   form them.
2. What do functional groups do?
3. Why is carbon important?
4. What are the 5 other elements found in
   macromolecules?