ECE 1001

1
ECE 1001

• Introduction to Electrical and Computer
  Engineering
• Dr. Chris Carroll
• MWAH 252
• 726-7530
• ccarroll

2
Computer Architecture

• How to build a computer
• Many philosophies
• Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)
• Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
• Always three parts of any computer
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Memory (for both program and data)
• Input/Output (I/O)

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Microprocessors

• CPU portion of a computer on a chip
• Requires external memory and I/O
• Examples
• 4004 (first microprocessor, 4-bit)
• 8080 (popular 8-bit)
• 8086 (16-bit, early PCs used this)
• Pentium (32-bit)

4
Microcontrollers

• Entire computer on a chip
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Memory
• Input/Output (I/O)
• Easy to embed in larger systems
• Modern cars include 10s of these

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Hexadecimal (base sixteen!)

• Uses sixteen digits, 0-9 and a-f
• a10, b11, c12, d13, e14, f15
• XY16 X 16 Y
• Or, in binary
• 00002 0 01002 4 10002 8 11002 c
• 00012 1 01012 5 10012 9 11012 d
• 00102 2 01102 6 10102 a 11102 e
• 00112 3 01112 7 10112 b 11112 f

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Advantage of hexadecimal?

• Easy conversion binary lt-gt hexadecimal
• Each 4-bits of binary is 1 hex digit
• 100101102 9616
• 110100102 d216
• 8a16 100010102
• c316 110000112

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Example Microcontroller

• Memory has 10010 locations, 1016-7316
• Each location stores 8 bits, or one byte
• Program starts at address 1016
• Each instruction uses two bytes
• Addresses 7016-7316 are digit displays
• CPU contains one 8-bit register, A
• Carry/borrow information saved

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Example instruction set

• lda data Load A with data
• lda addr Load A from address
• add data Add data to A
• add addr Add memory to A
• sub data Subtract data from A
• sub addr Subtract memory from A
• sta addr Store A into memory
• bra addr Jump to address
• bcc addr Jump to address if carry0
• bcs addr Jump to address if carry1

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Format for digit output display

• Each bit records data for one segment
• 1 means on, 0 means off
• Segments lettered A(top) clockwise to
  G(center)
• -GFEDCBA

10
Lets show a 2 on the right

• Required bit pattern to show a 2 is 010110112 or
  5b16
• Put 5b into A, then store to address 70
• lda 5b
• sta 70