Week 5 Lecture 1

1
Week 5 Lecture 1

• Kinesiology and the Natural Sciences

2
Weekly Objectives

• Summarize Lab Experience 4
• Abstract Critique/ Video Critique
• Critical Thinking Concepts
• Research Continuum
• Parent Disciplines/ Derivative Disciplines
• Experimental Design
• Validity/ Reliability/ Correlation
• Kinesiology Concepts
• Natural Science
• Biomechanics
• Combining Theory with Human Movement Variables
• Communication Skills
• Numerical Communication/Statistics

3
Information Processing Systems Approach to
Critical Thinking
Inputs
Thru-puts
Outputs

• Reality
• Curiosity
• Research Paradigm
• Disciplinary Paradigm
• Theoretical Perspective
• Research Question
• Data Collection

• Analysis
• Inductive
• Deduction
• Descriptive
• Poetic

• New Knowledge
• Journal Articles
• Books
• Presentations
• Performances
• Interventions

4
Processing (Critique of) The Sweater by Roch
Carrier
Inputs
Thru-puts
Outputs

• Reality
• Curiosity
• Research Paradigm
• Disciplinary Paradigm
• Theoretical Perspective
• Research Question
• Data Collection

• Analysis
• Descriptive

• New Knowledge
• Presentations
• Interventions

5
Kinesiology and Natural Science

• Kinesiology Study of human movement
• Natural Science Knowledge of naturally
  occurring phenomena
• What types of disciplinary research produce this
  knowledge?

6
Parent and Derivative Disciplines

• Parent Disciplines (Pure Science)
• Physics
• Chemistry
• Math
• Biology
• Anatomy
• Derivative Disciplines (Applied Science)
• Motor Learning
• Exercise Physiology
• Biomechanics

7
Research Continuum
From Thomas and Nelson (2001), p. 5.
8
Research Continuum

• Based on the relationship between
• naturally occurring phenomena (variables found in
  nature)
• human-made phenomena (variables created by social
  and cultural behaviour)
• Based on the relationship between
• Sources of data (field or laboratory)
• Sources of the problem (theory or practice)

9
Combining Theory with ProblemsBiomechanics

• Theories of the Natural World
• Variables of Physics
• Variables of Anatomy
• Theories of the Human World
• Variables of Social Movement/Behaviour
• Variables of Cultural Movement/Behaviour

10
Producing Biomechanical Knowledge for
Kinesiologists

• Classical Themes for Biomechanical Research
• Effectiveness
• Efficiency
• Classical Focuses for Biomechanical Research
• Sport/ Dance/ Theatre/ Music
• Gait/ Posture/ Locomotion
• Rehabilitation
• Classical Motivation for Biomechanical Research
• Performance - Health/ Well-being
• Performance - Health/ Economics and Politics
• Performance - Personal Pleasure and Fulfillment

11
Classical Theories of Biomechanics

• Energy/ Force/ Power
• Laws of Inertia
• Laws of Levers
• Velocity/ Acceleration
• Anatomical Theories
• ?
• ?
• ?
• ?

12
Classical Variables in Biomechanics

• Weight
• Length
• Speed
• Direction
• ?
• ?
• ?
• ?

13
Dr. Darren Stefanyshyn, PhD, 1996. University of
Calgary

• Specialty Lower extremity biomechanics with
  emphasis on mechanical energy aspects of human
  movement influence of mechanical energy aspects
  on athletic performance biomechanical and
  mechanical energy influences of athletic
  equipment.
• Current Work The influence of klapskate hinge
  position on long-track speed skating performance
  relationship between energy produced and lost in
  joints on sprinting performance comfort and shoe
  inserts lean angles and push-off forces in
  short-track speed skate cornering functional
  grouping of golf club designs.
• Desired Outcome An understanding of what
  mechanical factors dictate an athletes
  performance and subsequent maximization of
  performance by appropriately manipulating Hess
  factors.

14
Dr. Walter Herzog, Ph.D. 1985, University of Iowa

• Specialty Skeletal muscle contraction
  skeletal muscle properties joint and
  musculoskeletal biomechanics cellular
  biomechanics theoretical and modeling of
  biological responses.
• Current Work Nature of force production and
  contraction in skeletal muscle tissue adaptation
  and degeneration early markers of
  osteoarthritis human movement control
  mechanisms growth and adaptive theory vivo
  joint mechanics and biology.
• Desired Outcome My research is fundamental in
  the sense that I am interested in acquiring
  knowledge through the scientific investigation of
  musculoskeletal tissues. The two most desired
  outcomes of my research would be to contribute to
  the understanding of the mechanisms triggering
  osteoarthritis and joint degeneration.

15
Experimental Design

• A process intended to study cause and effect
• An independent variable is manipulated to judge
  its effect on a dependant variable.
• Three Criteria to validate cause and effect
• Cause must precede the effect in time
• Cause and effect must be correlated with each
  other
• Correlation between cause and effect can not be
  explained by another variable

16
Variables

• Independent variables
• The part of the experiment that is manipulated by
  the researcher
• Also called experimental or treatment variables
• Dependent variables
• The effect of the independent variable
• Also called the yield

17
Validity

• Internal Validity
• The extent to which the results of the study can
  be attributed to the treatments used in the study
• External Validity
• The generalizability of the results of the study

18
Threats to Internal Validity

• History
• Maturation Testing
• Instrumentation
• Statistical Regression
• Selection Bias
• Experimental Mortality
• Selection-Maturation Interaction
• Expectancy

19
Threats to External Validity

• Reactive or interactive effects of testing
• Interaction of selection bias and experimental
  treatment
• Reactive effects of experimental arrangements
• Multiple treatment iterference