New PARADIGM presentation

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PEACE OPERATIONS
ROLE OF THE MILITARY IN UN OPERATIONS
John Otte
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PEACE WAR
CONFLICT

• War Fighting
• Real Enemy
• Rules well known
• Unlimited application of force
• Doctrinal preparation
• Clear Military Objectives
• Complete training
• Fight to win - as units

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PEACE WAR
CONFLICT

Peacekeeping

• Civil/Political operations
• No enemy
• No rules (factions)
• Restricted application of force
• Individuals impact on mission
• High levels of civilian components
• Mediation - negotiation
• Financial Constraints

• War Fighting
• Real Enemy
• Rules well known
• Unlimited application of force
• Doctrinal preparation
• Clear Military Objectives
• Complete training
• Fight to win-as units

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PEACE WAR
CONFLICT

Peacekeeping

• Communication
• Negotiation
• Presence
• Potential
• Fire Movement

Fire Movement
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Military RoleAchieving Peacekeeping Mission End
State Objectives
Direct

• Achieve assigned military objectives

Indirect

• Cause related military objectives to be achieved
• Support other components as directed
• Assist other components achieve their objectives

Priorities and sequence of military
activities will be determined from these roles
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OPERATIONAL GUIDANCE TO THE FORCE COMMANDER

• Issued to Military Force Commander
• Derived from UN Security Council Resolution
  Mandate
• Strategic- Political Guidance
• Developed by Military Advisor
• Signed by Under Secretary General Peacekeeping

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REPORTING CHAIN

• Force Commander reports through SRSG
  Head of Mission (HOM)
• Mandated Activities Military Component
• Consults with SRSG areas with political or policy
  consequences
• Technical link Military Advisor DPKO for military
  matters (informing SRSG)
• Does not deal with Member States

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Security Council
Secretary-General
Special Representative of the Secretary-General
Deputy SRSG
Human Rights
Force Commander
Head Civilian Police Component
Head Election Component
Chief Military Observer
Chief Administrative Officer
Head Humanitarian Assistance Component
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COALITION OR LEAD NATION PEACEKEEPING STRUCTURE
Security Council
UN HQ
Lead Nation
Military Force HQ
Coalition Nations
Lead Nation Forces
Other Nation Forces
Other Nation Forces
Other Nation Forces
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COALITION OR LEAD NATION PEACEKEEPING STRUCTURE
Security Council
UN HQ
Lead Nation
Military Force HQ
Coalition Nations
Lead Nation Forces
Other Nation Forces
Other Nation Forces
Other Nation Forces
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CONCURRENT UN MISSION COALITION PEACEKEEPING
FORCE STRUCTURES
Security Council
UN HQ
SRSG
Deputy SRSG
Lead Nation
Human Rights
Military Force HQ
Coalition Nations
Humanitarian
Lead Nation Troops
Police
Other Nation Troops
Administrative
Other Nation Troops
Election
Other Nation Troops
Observer Force
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Military Role in Peace Operations
SRSG
Manage the Mandate
Coordinate Effort of Components
Deputy
Provide Unity of Effort
Elections
Humanitarians
CIVPOL
Military Force
Reconstruction Development
Assigned/ Derived Military Tasks
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Strategic Level Issues in International
Peacekeeping

• Each mission varies in structure evolves over
  time
• Functionally UN not always lead organization
• National contingents often respond first to
  national chains of command
• Partners will have different strategic control
  processes
• Multi-agency relationships complex
• Tension between multiple contending international
  organizations
• Coordination, consensus, cooperation
  best built from bottom

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COMMAND RELATIONSHIPS
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National Command

• The exercise of command by National authorities
  over National forces deployed in support of peace
  operations
• Nations never cede full command authority over
  deployed forces except in unusual circumstance

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Operational LevelCommand Control Issues

• Modern peacekeeping - complex, non-traditional
  military missions, qualitatively different from
  war-fighting
• Involve civil/political action as much as
  military
• Success depends on working effectively with a
  wide variety of institutions/organizations
• Requires equally effective command control (C2)
  as combat missions
• Traditional C2 language, concepts, approaches
  doctrine may not be appropriate for
  organizational institutional arrangements in
  peace operations

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Multi-National Peacekeeping ForcesProblems Areas

• Added complexity to operations
• Generating Multi-National HQs
• National command issues create difficulties
• Generally exceed span of control
• Decision making is slow
• Consensus creation takes time
• Standards, force capability levels of military
  training vary
• Differences in language, tradition, doctrine
  culture impact on operations

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When There Is a Lack of Confidence

• Forces will
• Operate under variety employment restrictions
• Maintain direct contact with national governments
  for direction
• Negotiate missions not accept assigned ones

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Keeping It Simple

• Watchword in peacekeeping operations
  difficult to achieve
• Use a combination of tools
• Assign geographical functional responsibilities
• Assign forces together with history of working
  together
• Assign missions that task to capacities
• Be sensitive to home governments concerns
• Making simple plans within a coalition requires
  sophisticated and complex decision making and
  coordination

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Command and Control Problems

• Staffs will often work at multiple levels
• Span of control often exceeded
• Multiplicity of lines of command
• Consultation with national authorities
• Size of headquarters
• Absence of standards and common doctrine
• Variation in forces capacities

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Future Peace Operations

• Complexity of all aspects of peace operations
  will remain prominent feature
• Military C2 part of a larger set of command
  arrangements
• Command arrangements will remain cumbersome and
  decentralized
• Assigned forces may not share common doctrine,
  language or standards

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Future Peace Operations(continued)

• Complex non-traditional missions as much
  political as military
• To achieve success need to work effectively with
• Wide variety of institutions and organizations
• Foreign governments
• Non-national political actors
• International organizations
• NGO/PVOs
• National government agencies
• Foreign military forces
• Require sound command and control
• Traditional C2 concepts, approaches and doctrine
  may not be well suited

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PEACE OPERATIONS
ROLE OF THE MILITARY IN UN OPERATIONS
John Otte
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Role of the Military in UN Operations

• Questions?