Chapter 19 THE COLD WAR

1
Chapter 19 THE COLD WAR

• Section 1 Healing the Wounds of War
• Section 2 The Cold War Begins
• Section 3 The Cold War Turns Hot
• Section 4 The Cold War at Home

2
Stabilizing Germany
Section 1 Healing the Wounds of War

• Germany divided into four occupation zones under
  Allied control.
• Nazi Party crushed and local governments
  re-established.
• Refugees returned to their homes.

3
Stabilizing Japan
Section 1 Healing the Wounds of War

• Militarism ended.
• Democratic government created, with a
  constitution.
• Economy reformed.

4
War crimes trials
Section 1 Healing the Wounds of War
Nuremberg Trials

• Some Nazi leaders were sentenced to death, but
  most received jail sentences, and many Nazis
  escaped.
• Among the Japanese sentenced to death was Japans
  premier, Hideki Tojo.
• Trials set important standards for international
  law and the conduct of war.
• The trials established that countries and
  individuals were accountable for their actions
  during war.

5
The United Nations
Section 1 Healing the Wounds of War

• founded to promote world peace, human rights, and
  equality
• founded to show respect for justice and treaty
  obligations
• founded to aid social progress and improve
  standards of living
• General Assembly included all member nations.
• Security Council included U.S., Great Britain,
  France, China, the Soviet Union, and 10
  additional rotating members.

6
The founding of Israel
Section 1 Healing the Wounds of War

• Many European Jews sought a home in Palestine
  after the Holocaust.
• Britain had ruled Palestine since World War I but
  could not resolve conflicting claims to it.
• The UN created a partition plan and the British
  withdrew.
• Jews accepted the plan and proclaimed the state
  of Israel.
• Arabs rejected the proposal and attacked Israel.

7
The Cold War
Section 2 The Cold War Begins

• Major economic, political, and philosophical
  differences between U.S. and Soviet Union made
  them enemies.
• As Soviet Union expanded, U.S. responded with
  policy of containment.

8
Control of atomic weapons
Section 2 The Cold War Begins

• Baruch Plan imposed penalties on countries that
  did not follow international rules.
• Atomic Energy Act created the Atomic Energy
  Commission in the U.S. to oversee research and
  promote peacetime uses of atomic energy.

9
The Marshall Plan
Section 2 The Cold War Begins

• alleviated economic problems so countries were
  less vulnerable to communism
• stabilized European economies
• led to European economic recovery

10
Western Allies responses to Soviet expansion
Section 2 The Cold War Begins

• created NATO
• created Federal Republic of Germany
• supplied West Berlin during Soviet blockade

11
Chinese Communists gain control of China
Section 3 The Cold War Turns Hot

• Instability of the republic of 1911 led to civil
  war.
• The two factions, Nationalists and Communists,
  cooperated against the Japanese.
• Communists successfully resisted Japan in
  Northwest China, and instituted land reforms,
  which gained them popular support.
• Most of China under Communist control by 1949
  Nationalists had retreated to Taiwan.
• Peoples Republic of China established.

12
Factors that escalated the conflict in Korea
Section 3 The Cold War Turns Hot

• Allies divided Korea into two zones, and North
  and South Korea set up separate governments.
• When the U.S. and the Soviet Union pulled their
  troops out, North and South Korea clashed along
  the 38th parallel.
• North Korea invaded South Korea, and the UN named
  North Korea the aggressor.
• U.S. pledged support for South Korea and UN
  forces went to its defense.
• China entered war on North Koreas side.

13
Effects of the Korean War
Section 3 The Cold War Turns Hot

• There were millions of deaths.
• Borders of North and South Korea remained almost
  unchanged.
• Truman and the Democrats lost popularity while
  Eisenhower and the Republicans became more
  popular.

14
Eisenhowers methods for promoting U.S. interests
Section 3 The Cold War Turns Hot

• used CIA covertly in Guatemala and Iran
• issued the Eisenhower Doctrine offering military
  aid to Middle Eastern nations who resisted
  Communist aggression
• refused to support Hungarian rebels

15
Government actions to limit communism at home
Section 4 The Cold War at Home

• Internal Security Act required Communist Party
  members to register with the federal government
  and imposed immigration controls on sympathizers.
• Loyalty Review Board investigated more than
  20,000 federal employees, firing many.
• HUAC investigated peace organizations, liberal
  groups, labor unions, the movie industry, and
  individuals, causing blacklisting and other
  damage.
• Public hysteria was created and many Americans
  civil rights were violated.

16
McCarthys use of American fears
Section 4 The Cold War at Home

• claimed to have evidence of Communists
  infiltrating the U.S. government
• used his Senate subcommittee to question the
  patriotism of hundreds of government workers
• ruined many reputations and cost people their jobs

17
American reaction to possibility of nuclear war
Section 4 The Cold War at Home

• Many turned to religion.
• Some built bomb shelters.
• Air-raid drills conducted in schools and public
  places.
• Civil Defense education programs conducted.
• SANE established.
• Arms race and space exploration supported.