Hard Drive Installation and Support

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Chapter 7

• Hard Drive Installation and Support

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You Will Learn

• How to install a hard drive
• How to manage a hard drive to optimize its
  performance
• How to apply hard drive troubleshooting skills

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Installing a Hard Drive

• Physical installation set jumpers and install
  cable and drive
• Change CMOS setup
• Partition using FDISK
• Format and install software on the drive

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Precautions for Working with Hard Drives

• Handle the drive carefully
• Do not touch exposed circuitry or chips
• Drain static electricity from your body and from
  the package containing the drive
• If you must set it down, place the drive
  component-side up on top of the static-protective
  package on a flat surface
• Do not place the drive on the computer case cover
  or on a metal table

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Physical Installation of IDE Hard Drives

• IDE
• Drive
• 40-pin data cable
• Possibly a kit to make drive fit in larger bay

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Installing an IDE Hard Drive

• IDE hard drives support up to four IDE devices on
  the same system
• Four possible setups for each device
• Primary IDE channel, master device
• Primary IDE channel, slave device
• Secondary IDE channel, master device
• Secondary IDE channel, slave device
• Place fastest devices on primary channel and
  slower devices on secondary channel

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Jumper Settings
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Typical Jumper Arrangement
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Jumper Settings on an IDE Hard Drive
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Using an IDE Connection on the System Board
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Entering Hard Drive Info in CMOS
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Entering Hard Drive Info in CMOS
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Entering Hard Drive Info in CMOS
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Informing Setup of the New Hard Drive

• Setup for hard drives less than 528 MB
• Older BIOS setup assumes use of CHS mode
• New BIOS select CHS mode or normal mode
• Setup for large-capacity hard drives
• Two ways BIOS relates to large capacity drives
• LBA
• Large mode

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Informing Setup of the New Hard Drive

• When BIOS does not support large-capacity hard
  drives
• Let the BIOS see the drive as a smaller drive
• Upgrade the BIOS (best solution)
• Upgrade the entire system board
• Use software that interfaces between the older
  BIOS and the large-capacity drive (e.g., Disk
  Manager by OnTrack, SpeedStor by Storage
  Dimensions, EZ-Drive by StorageSoft)

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A Note on Moving a Hard Drive or Changing BIOS

• Backup up the data on the hard drive before you
  move it to avoid potential problems with
• Lost data
• Inability to access the drives data
• Different translation methods for LBA mode
• Dont change options in setup unless you are sure
  of what you are doing

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Partitioning the Hard Drive with FDISK

• Partition table
• Written at the very beginning of a hard drive
• Describes number and location of all partitions
• Identifies the boot partition
• A drive must have one primary partition and can
  have one extended partition
• The drive boots from the primary partition
• The extended partition can be subdivided into
  several logical drive partitions

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Partitioning the Hard Drive
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Partitioning the Hard Drive
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Partitioning the Hard Drive
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OS or High-level Format

• Individually formats each volume or logical drive
  within a partition
• Performed by means of the DOS or Windows 9x
  Format program
• For DOS
• Use FORMAT C/S command
• For Windows 9x
• The Windows 9x CD-ROM contains the real-mode
  drivers necessary to access the CD-ROM without
  having Windows installed

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Installing Software

• Install Windows 9x
• Load the applications software
• Make a complete backup of the entire drive
• Create a rescue disk to recover from a corrupted
  partition table

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Optimizing a Hard Drive

• Fragmentation
• Cross-linked and lost clusters

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Fragmentation

• Distribution of data files in noncontiguous
  clusters increases data access time
• Routine maintenance defragment the hard drive
• DOS
• DOS 6 DEFRAG or a utility software package
• Windows 98
• Defragmenter utility

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Windows 98 Defragmenter Utility
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Disk Defragmenter Results
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Cross-linked and Lost Clusters

• Cross-linked
• More than one file points to them
• Lost
• No file in the FAT points to them
• To repair use ScanDisk utility in either DOS or
  Windows 9x

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Cross-linked and Lost Clusters
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SCANDISK Command for DOS
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ScanDisk
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ScanDisk
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Using DOS under Windows 9x to Manage a Hard Drive

• CAUTION Using some DOS commands on a hard drive
  that uses Windows 9x as the OS may cause damage
  to a hard drives file structure

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DOS Commands to Avoid with Windows 9x

• Dont use disk utility software that does not
  know about VFAT, long filenames or FAT32
• Dont use FDISK, FORMAT C, SYS C, or CHKDSK
  while in a DOS session
• Dont optimize or defragment the hard drive using
  software that does not know about long filenames

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DOS Commands to Avoid with Windows 9x

• Dont run hard drive cache programs unless
  written especially for Windows 95 or Windows 98
• Dont use older DOS backup programs (BACKUP,
  MSBACKUP)

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When Things Go Wrong

• Information to have ready before calling
  technical support
• Drive model and description
• Manufacturer and model of computer
• Exact wording of error message
• Description of the problem
• Hardware and software configuration of the system

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Troubleshooting Hard Drives and Data Recovery

• An ounce of prevention
• Make backups and keep them current
• Defragment files and scan the hard drive
  occasionally
• Dont smoke around the hard drive
• Dont leave PC turned off for weeks/months
• High humidity can be dangerous for hard drives
• Be gentle with a hard drive

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Problems with Hard Drives

• Hardware problems
• Problems with hard drive controller, power
  supply, data cable, BIOS or setup
• Damage to drive mechanism or physical damage to
  disk surface where the partition table, boot
  record, directories, FAT and/or data are stored

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Problems with Hard Drives

• Software problems
• Corrupted OS files
• Corrupted partition table, boot record, or root
  directory, making all data on the hard drive
  inaccessible
• Corruption of the area of the FAT that points to
  the data, the datas directory table, or the
  sector markings where data is located
• Data or access to it destroyed by a virus

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Resolving Hard Drive Problems

• Hard drive problems usually show up at POST
• For a hard drive to be accessible by DOS or
  Windows 9x, these must be intact for boot to
  occur
• Partition table
• Boot record
• FAT
• Root directory
• Specific DOS files
• Specific Windows files

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Resolving Hard Drive Problems

• For the OS to access data, these must be intact
• Directory in which files are located
• In the FAT, the sector information where the
  files are located
• Beginning of the file (header information) and
  the end of the file (end-of-file marker)
• Data itself

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Corrupted System Files

• DOS error message
• Non-system disk or disk error
• Windows 9x error message
• Invalid system disk
• Boot from a floppy disk, access drive C, begin
  looking for the problem

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Corrupted Sector and Track Markings

• DOS error message
• Bad Sector or Sector Not Found
• Low-level format will refresh these sector bits
• Nondestructive format
• Destructive format

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Virus Problems

• Use a virus scan program

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Hard Drive Troubleshooting Guidelines

• Was the computer recently moved?
• Was any new hardware recently installed?
• Was any new software recently installed?
• Was any software recently reconfigured or
  upgraded?
• Does the computer have a history of similar
  problems?

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Causes and Solutions for Common Hard Drive
Problems

• Hard drive does not boot
• Disk retrieves and saves data slowly
• Computer will not recognize a newly installed
  hard drive

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Chapter Summary

• Installing a new hard drive
• What to do when a hard drive fails, shows signs
  of impending disaster, or when data is lost
• Importance of keeping good backups of software
  and data stored on the hard drive as well as
  backups of partition table, boot record, root
  directory, and FAT

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