Yperite

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YPERITE
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Formula

• Bis (2-chloro ethyl) sulfide

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About Yperite

• Other names
• HD
• mustard gas
• Sulphur mustard
• Blister gas
• Weapons of mass destruction
• nuclear, biological, chemical (NBC) and
  radiological weapons

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Variations of sulfur mustard

• HD Sulfur mustard that has been purified by
  washing and vacuum distillation. The term
  "mustard gas" usually refers to this variety of
  sulfur mustard.
• H Levinstein mustard, which contains about 30
  sulfur impurities and has a stronger vesicant
  action.
• HT A blend of 60 sulfur mustard (HD) and 40 T
  (a related vesicant with lower freezing point and
  much lower volatility, with reportedly similar
  characteristics)
• HL A blend of sulfur mustard (HD) and lewisite
  (L)
• HQ A blend of sulfur mustard (HD) and
  sesquimustard (Q)

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History

• Frederik Guthrie -1890
• the name Yperite comes from its usage by the
  German army near the city of Ypres (Belgium)
• Use
• 1.world war
• German army against Canadian soldiers in 1917
• Ypres
• Conflicts
• United Kingdom against Bolsheviks in 1919
• United Kingdom against Iraqi rebels in 1920
• Spain against Morocco in 1923-1926
• Soviet Union in a province of China in 1930
• Italy against Ethiopia in 1935-1940
• Egypt against North Yemen in 1963-1967
• Japan against China in 1937-1945
• Iraq against Iran in 1983-1988 and
• Iraq against Kurds in 1988. Iraq against Iran in
  1983-1988

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Properties

• Boiling point 227,8C
• Melting point 14C
• viscous liquid
• Pure
• Colouress
• Odorless
• Technical
• Yellow-brown
• Odor resembling mustard, garlic or horseradish
• Etch mucous membrane
• Penetration by preventive dress

leptat sliznici
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Chemical properties

• Thioether
• Synthetizing

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Toxicologic properties

• The exposure develops (in 4 to 24 hours) into
  deep, itching or burning blisters wherever the
  mustard contacted the skin
• the eyes (if exposed) become sore and the eyelids
  swollen,
• At very high concentrations, if inhaled, it
  causes bleeding and blistering within the
  respiratory system, damaging the mucous membrane
  and leading to pulmonary edema

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Toxicity of Mustard Agent

• Inhalation LCt50 1 500 mgmin/m3
• Skin exposure LCt50 10 000 mgmin/m3
• Smallest blister-causing dose on skin 0,02 mg

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Military properties

• Stability
• Summer 3-7 days
• Winter few weeks

• Speed of effect
• derm 4-8hours
• Inhalation 1 hour

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