INEQUALITY IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

1
INEQUALITY IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

• REVISION 2009
• GAYNOR MELVILLE

2
REVISION

• READ THE QUESTION PROPERLY AND TAKE NOTE OF MY
  HINTS AND TIPS FOR EACH QUESTION
• A PLAN IS ALWAYS USEFUL
• AN EXAM QUESTION FOLLOWS THE SAME PRINCIPLES AS
  AN ESSAY QUESTION
• INTRO, MAIN AND CONCLUSION
• SUPPORT FOR ARGUMENT IN THE FORM OF THEORY,
  THEORISTS, DATA, GOVERMNENT POLICY ETC

3
ANSWER ONE FROM SECTION A AND ONE FROM SECTION B

• SECTION A 3 QUESTIONS THAT DEAL WITH RACISM IN
  THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
• QUESTION A1 ETHNIC MINORITY WORKERS WITHIN THE
  CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM.
• ETHNIC MINORITY RECRUITS LOW (FIND STATS)
• LOOK AT POLICE, COURTS ,PRISON OR FOCUS
• BARRIERS TO EMPLOYMENT
• WHY- INSTITUTIONAL RACISM?
• IMPLICATIONS- ARE THERE ANY.
• LACK OF EM WORKERS MAY FUTHER THE INTEREST OF
  RACISM
• OFFENDERS DEALT WITH BY A WHITE POLICE FORCE,
  COURT.
• MAY EFFECT PUNISHMENT OR RESPONSE BY POLICE EG
  SEE THE MACPHERESON REPORT
• CASE STUDIES

4
QUESTION A2

• QUESTION 2 INSTITUTIONAL RACISM DOES IT EXIST IN
  THE CJS?
• CAN LOOK AT TREATMENT OF OFFENDERS AND WORKERS
  WITHIN THE INSTITUTION
• LOOK AT POLICE COURTS PRISON OR FOCUS
• DEFINITION OF INSTITUTIONAL RACISM. MUCH MORE
  COVERT THAN OVERT RACISM. LAWS RULES AND
  PROCEDURES
• RACISM IN RELATION TO TREATMENT BY POLICE,
  SENTENCING, TREATMENT IN PRISON, RECRUITMENT,
  PROMOTION, DEATHS IN CUSTODY
• USE OF CASE STUDIES TO ILLUSTRATE (ZAHID MUBEREK)
• PRESENCE OF SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN RELATION TO EM
  OFFFENDERS MAY MAKE THE CJS APPEAR
  INSTUTUTIONALLY RACIST EG LINK BETWEEM RACE-
  POVERTY EDUCATION AND CRIME
• WEIGH UP THE EVIDENCE- USE STATISTICS THEORY AND
  RESEARCH TO SUPPORT YOUR CLAIMS.
• WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS?

5
QUESTION A3

• RACISM IN THE CJS IMPLICATION FOR OFFENDERS
• POLICE, COURTS PROBATION PRISON.
• Covert (institutional ) and overt
• SEE SCARMEN AND MACPHERESON REPORT
• STAISTICS SHOULD BE USED TO SUPPORT CLAIMS.-
  Arrest rates, stop and search, length of
  sentencing etc
• DEATHS IN CUSTODY
• POLICE AND PRISON
• PRISON ROUTINE AND RACISM EXPERIENCED
• ALSO CAN SEE VICTIMS OF RACISM AND HOW RESPONDED
  TO(LAWRENCE)
• CASE STUDIES- EG LAWRENCE ENQUIRY

6
SECTION B QUESTION 1

• FOCUS ON CHIVARY HYPOTHESIS OR DOUBLE DEVIANT
  FACTOR (SEE FEMINIST THEORIST ON THIS EG
  HIEDENSOHN ETC
• EG WOMEN TREATED LENIENTLY OR HARSHLY?
• SEE STATISTICS -RESEARCH -THEORY
• TREATMENT OF FEMALE OFFENDERS BY POLICE, COURTS,
  PRISON
• ARREST RATES, SENTENCING, PRISON NUMBERS AND
  ENVIRONMENT
• LOOK AT THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF FEMININITY
  AND HOW THIS EFFECTS TREATMENT
• PATRIARCHY IN SOCIETY
• COULD EVEN LOOK AT MEDIA PORTRAYAL THAT LEADS TO
  STEREOTYPES
• MAY RELATE TO CASE STUDIES EG HINDLEY, MAXINE
  CARR, WOMEN WHO MURDER CHILDREN ,PROSTITUTES

7
QUESTION 2B

• EFFECTS/ IMPACT OF IMPRISONMENT- DONT BE PUT OFF
  BY THE QUESTION
• FAMILY /CHILDREN
• EVIRONMENT WHERE THERE IS DRUG USE
• MENTAL ILLNESS
• SELF HARM
• VIOLENCE
• PRISON EXACERBATES THE PROBLEMS MANY ALREADY HAVE
• SEE NUMBERS DATA RECENT RESEARCH- CORSTON REPORT
  MAY BE HELPFUL
• MAY DISCUSS WHETHER THERE IS AN ALTERNATIVE

8
QUESTION 3B

• FEMALE WORKERS IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
  POLICE, COURTS, PRISON OR FOCUS
• SEE PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY AND HOW THIS EFFCTES
  WOMENS EMPLOYMENT IN GENERAL
• SEXISM IS THE CJS
• SEE STATISTICS EG JUDGES, CHEIF POLICE OFFICERS
  ETC
• SEE RECRUITMENT- EG BIAS , OLD BOY NETWORK (EG
  JUDGES)
• ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS
• SEE SEXISM IN THE RANKS EG CANTEEN CULTURE OF THE
  POLICE WHICH PROMOTES SEXISM
• WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS- TRIAL BY MEN (SEE RAPE
  TRIALS FOR INSTANCE.