A little of everything, mostly earlier chapters

1
A little of everything, mostly earlier chapters
labs
JEOPARDY
With special hosts You !!! (and your friendly
teacher)
2
The Board
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Maps Mapping 100

• a) What is the name of the science of making maps
  ? B) what are the 3 most useful lines of
  reference in making and using maps ?
• Answer- a) Cartography. B) vertical lines
  (longitude), horizontal lines (latitude), and the
  Equator (circles the Earth by the middle)
• Return to game board

4
Maps Mapping 200

• a) What is the actual distance between each
  degree of latitude and the next, b) What is the
  actual distance between each degree of longitude
  and the next ?
• Answer- a) A degree of latitude represents 111
  km. b) degrees of longitude are not constant,
  varying from 111 km at the Equator, to a point at
  the pole. This is because latitude lines are
  parallel circles, but longitude lines are
  non-parallel semicircles.
• Return to game board

5
Maps Mapping 300

• What is the prime meridian and what is its other
  name ?
• Answer- Is a vertical line used as the reference
  meridian, representing 0 longitude. Also called
  the Greenwich Meridian because that British city
  was chosen as reference.
• Return to game board

6
Maps Mapping 400

• The Earth has been divided in 24 time zones. Why
  24 ?
• Answer- Because the Earth takes about 24 hours to
  rotate on its axis, so this is a convenient
  division, each time zone representing 1 hour.
• Return to game board

7
Maps Mapping 500

• What is the International Date Line and where
  does it go through ?
• Answer- The I.D.L. is the transition line for
  calendar days. It goes through the 180 Meridian
  (in fact, that is its other name). It is 180
  from the Prime Meridian. The I.D.L. runs
  approximately through the Behring Strait, between
  North America and Asia.
• Return to game board

8
Experimental design 100

• What is the name of an educated guess about an
  identified problem ? If you have one of those,
  what is the best next step ?
• Answer- It is a hypothesis. The best next step
  is to design an experiment to test the
  hypothesis.
• Return to game board

9
Experimental design 200

• In an experiment, what is the purpose of a
  control group ?
• Answer- It is used to show that the results
  obtained are actually due to the variable being
  tested, and not due to another potential cause or
  variable.
• Return to game board

10
Experimental design 300

• What happens when an experimental conclusion is
  not supported by the data that have been gathered
  ?
• Answer- The hypothesis must be rejected and
  re-evaluated, and most likely a new one proposed
  and tested.
• Return to game board

11
Experimental design 400

• a) What is the independent variable in an
  experiment ? b) What is the dependent variable ?
  c) Which is sometimes called the response
  variable ?
• Answer- a) Independent variable is an
  experimental factor manipulated by the
  experimenter (plotted on the x-axis). b)
  Dependent variable is the factor that changes
  with the independent variable (plotted on the
  y-axis). c) the dependent variable can be called
  the response variable.
• Return to game board

12
Experimental design 500

• What are the 4 major steps in designing a sound
  scientific investigation ?
• Answer- 1- Identify a question (propose a
  hypothesis), 2- Test it (design an experiment),
  3- Analyze (examine / evaluate the experimental
  evidence), 4- Conclude / Report / Propose a new
  hypothesis on the same problem, or on an
  extension of the original problem.
• Return to game board

13
Units of measurement 100

• What is the difference between the MASS and the
  WEIGHT of an object, and why does it matter ?
• Answer- MASS is the amount of matter (depends on
  number and kinds of atoms). WEIGHT is a measure
  of gravitational force upon an object. If we go
  to another planet, the weight may change (if
  gravity is different there), but the mass will
  remain the same.
• Return to game board

14
Units of measurement 200

• What are the 3 units of measurement for
  temperature ? (Can you convert from one to the
  other ?)
• Answer- 1) C, Celsius ( centigrade, common in
  science), 2) F, Fahrenheit (almost only in the
  USA), 3) K, Kelvin (the Scientific method).
  C?F 9/5 C32 F?C 5/9 (F-32) KC273
  (because 0 K -273 C)
• Return to game board

15
Units of measurement 300

• How can we write a very large number using the
  scientific notation ? How about a very small
  number ? And a negative number ?
• Answer- They can be expressed as a multiplier and
  a power of 10. For instance, 100,000,000,000 (one
  hundred thousand million) is 1x1011 , and
  0.0000000000005 is 5x10-13. A negative number
  would be the same, but a minus sign must precede
  the entire expression.
• Return to game board

16
Units of measurement 500

• If a block is 1 cm wide, 2 cm long, and 3 cm
  tall, and its mass is 145 g, What is its density
  ?
• Answer- Density is mass/volume. Volume is 1x2x3
  6 cm3. Thus, D145/6 24.17 g/cm3
• Return to game board

17
Units of measurement 400

• What is the Systeme International dUnites (SI) ?
• Answer SI is a modern version of the metric
  system. It is the method used in most scientific
  experiments and publications. It is based on the
  decimal system, where the number 10 is used as
  the base unit, and all units are factors or
  fractions of 10.
• Return to game board

18
Scientific method 100

• Contrast scientific theories and scientific laws.
• Answer- A scientific theory is the best available
  explanation of a phenomenon (based on many
  observation during repeated experiments). A
  scientific law is a rule of nature whose cause is
  not always understood but which is accepted based
  on observations or experiments.
• Return to game board

19
Scientific method 200

• What is a scientific model ? How does it differ
  from a formula ?
• Answer- A scientific model is an idea, a system,
  or a mathematical expression that is similar to
  the idea being expressed (it expresses it in
  writing). Since a formula is a mathematical
  expression for a specific idea, it is also a type
  of model.
• Return to game board

20
Scientific method 400

• What is the advantage of the SI units used in the
  scientific method, over the traditional
  british/american units such as inches, yards,
  pints, etc. ?
• Answer- Because the SI units are based on the
  metric system, all units and subunits are exact
  multiples or fractions of each other. Conversions
  become so much easier and interchangeable !!!
  (With the british/ american units there will
  always be decimal points with odd numbers and
  difficult conversions).
• Return to game board

21
Scientific method 500

• Why is it always important to make every attempt
  to collect replicate measurements in all
  experiments.
• Answer- Experimental error is unavoidable. By
  making repeated measurements and averaging the
  results, random error will be cancelled, and a
  closer value to the standard value will be
  attained.
• Return to game board

22
Scientific method (and units) 300

• Why ice floats in water ? (after all, ice is
  water too !!)
• Answer- When water freezes, its density decreases
  (this is because it expands, increasing the
  volume. The mass remains the same). Thus, ice
  floats.
• Return to game board

23
Earth Science Earth Systems 300

• What are the 4 major branches of Earth Science ?
  (state the topics studied by each one)
• Answer- 1) Astronomy (objects beyond the
  atmosphere), 2) Meteorology (air that surrounds
  the planet NOT meteorites !), 3) Geology
  (materials on Earth and processes of change), 4)
  Oceanography (Earths oceans).
• Return to game board

24
Earth Science Earth Systems 300

• What is the astenosphere, and to which of the 4
  Earth Systems does it belong ?
• Answer- The astenosphere is the molten layer that
  makes the lower part of the Earths mantle (the
  upper part of the mantle is solid). Together, the
  mantle and the layer above, the crust, make the
  Lithosphere.
• Return to game board

25
Earth Science Earth Systems 500

• What is the most abundant element (or substance)
  in the Atmosphere ?
• Answer- Nitrogen is the most abundant (78 ),
  Oxygen is second (21 ). The remaining 1
  includes water vapor, argon, CO2 and other gases.
• Return to game board

26
Earth Science Earth Systems 200

• How much freshwater (lakes, rivers, groundwater,
  glaciers/icebergs) is there on Earth, and how
  does that compare to the oceans ?
• Answer- 97.2 is saltwater, only 2.8
  freshwater. (Of the 2.8 freshwater, about 75
  is in glaciers/icebergs, most of the rest is
  groundwater). Rivers and lakes are only about
  0.0091 of all of Earths water.
• Return to game board

27
Earth Science Earth Systems 100

• What is the difference between science and
  technology ?
• Answer- In general, technologies are the
  application of scientific discoveries.
  Technological development involve scientific
  investigations.
• Return to game board

28
Earth Science Earth Systems 300

• What kind of earth scientist would be in charge
  of investigations leading to the discovery of new
  deposits of coal or petroleum ?
• Answer- A geologist. Those in the specific field
  are called petroleum geologists or even
  petrologists.
• Return to game board