Lund , 16 October 2006

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INTERCOMPARISON OF PM2.5/ PM10 EXHAUST AND
NON-EXHAUST EMISSION FACTORS IN NORDIC AND
CENTRAL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Lund , 16 October 2006 Matthias Ketzel1, Gunnar
Omstedt2, Christer Johansson3, Ingo Düring4,
Achim Lohmeyer4,Ruwim Berkowicz1, Mia Pohjola5,
Peter Wåhlin1 1National Environmental Research
Institute of Denmark, 2Swedish Meteorological
and Hydrological Institute, 3Environment
Health Administration, Stockholm, (also at
Department of Applied Environmental Science,
Stockholm University, Sweden), 4Ingenieurbüro
Lohmeyer GmbH Co. KG, Radebeul,
Germany 5Finnish Meteorological Institute
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Outline

• PM 10/2.5 Emission factors
• (Application)
• COST 633 (Separate presentation)

NMR (Nordic Council of Ministers) funded
project NORPAC Validated models describing
Nordic urban and regional concentrations of
particles and organic/ elemental carbon
http//norpac.dmu.dk
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Vehicle PM emissions - exhaust

• Emission databases (HbEfa, COPERT, ..) rely on
  laboratory test bench measurements
• focus so far on the exhaust pipe emissions

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Vehicle PM emissions - non-exhaust

• substantial part of the emissions comes from
  non-exhaust
• need for field studies to estimate the emissions
  at road tunnel, street canyon, highway, etc.
  using NOx / C as tracer or inverse
  modellingOR direct measurements with mobile
  laboratories

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Particle sources
Influencing factors

• vehicle type
• diesel // gasoline
• brake type
• tyre type
• summer // winter
• studded tyres
• road surface type / condition
• sanding
• salting
• weather conditions
• rain, snow, ice

• primary emissions
• exhaust emissions
• tyre wear
• road wear
• brake wear
• clutches
• ...
• re-suspension of road dust and other deposited
  primary emissions

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Measured variation of PM10 /NOx ratios

• street contribution only (background subtracted)
• direct TEOM results - no correction factor
• 8 street locations in 5 countries

Summer
Summer
Summer
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Measured variation of PM2.5 /NOx ratios

• street contribution only (background subtracted)
• direct TEOM results - no correction factor

Summer
Summer
Summer
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• Average PM/NOx Ratios
• all year
• month 6-10

• Average Emission factors
• all year
• month 6-10

For summer conditions (month 6-10) PM10 80-130
mg/km PM2.5 30-70 mg/km exhaust28-68 mg/km
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Modelling the PM emission factors

• Two principal concepts
• Swedish Emission model (Omstedt et al. 2005)
• modelling the seasonal and time variation of the
  emissions
• using constant emission factors
• German method based on traffic situation in the
  Handbook for Emission factors HbEfa and measured
  data
• Danish method based on EMEP /CORNIAIR Guidebook
  and measured data

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Swedish method

• performs good for Northern Scandinavian (using
  studded tyres)
• Applying Swedish method to Danish data brings no
  improvements of the results obtained with
  constant emisson factors

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German method for PM10 non-exhaust emission
factors (Düring et al., 2004)
Recommended emission factors for good road
condition

• High relevance of HDV (ca. factor 10)

• No significant effect of traffic speed limit

• Strong dependence on traffic situation
  (acceleration/deceleration)

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Danish method for PM10 non-exhaust emission
factors (Berkowicz et al., 2005)
exhaust part adopted from the UK-TLR method
non-exhaust part adopted from EMEP CORINAIR
Emission Inventory Guidebook
ospm.dmu.dk
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Measured versus modelled emission factors

• German emission method

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Comparing the different models
Receptor analysis for Stockholm C. Johansson et
al. 2005
Receptor analysis for Copenhagen P. Wåhlin et
al. 2004
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Conclusions

• all modells / measurements show consistently
  large part of PM emissions from non-exhaust
  (50-85)
• seasonal variation observed, PM10 emissions 5-45
  higher in average compared to month 6-10
• range of observed emission factors
• PM10 80-130 mg/km
• PM2.5 30-70 mg / km
• exhaust 28-68 mg / km
• The Swedish model is able to reproduce the
  observed strong seasonal variation of non-exhaust
  emissions.
• less pronounced annual variation for
  DanishAustrian and German conditions might allow
  the application of simpler methods based on
  constant emission factors

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Example Scenario for Denmark

• What reduction in PM concentrations will be
  accomplished when
• all new passenger cars and vans starting from
  2007 will be eqipped with filters (fulfill
  proposed new EU norms of 5 mg/km) ?

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Emissions in Copenhagen area in 2010
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Årsmiddelkoncentrationen for PM2.5
1x1 km2 gitternet i HT-området beregnet med UBM
modellen for referencesituationen i 2010. Det
regionale niveau for PM2.5 er 20 µg/m3, så
trafikkens bidrag til bybaggrundskoncentrationerne
er op til 1,14 µg/m3. Bemærk at resultaterne er
angivet med flere decimaler end modelusikkerheden
berettiger til.
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Reduktionen i PM2.5 koncentrationen pga.
fremskyndelse af partikelfiltre på lette
køretøjer.
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Reduction in Exposure of the Population