Some questions to ponder

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Some questions to ponder

• What is learning?
• How do you learn?
• What is the best method to teach new information?
• How do you remember
• a new phone number?
• The name of the person you just met?
• How to drive a car?
• How to get from your house to a friends house?
• How to get to the Statue of Liberty?
• Tie and tie?
• Type on a keyboard?

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Unit Two

• Learning Principles and applications
• Memory and Thought

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What is learning?

• Learning
• is a relatively permanent change in behavior that
  results from experience.

• Three basic types of learning
• A. Classical Conditioning
• B. Operant Conditioning
• C. Modeling

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Classical ConditioningIvan Pavlov
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Classical ConditioningBasic training

• Classical Conditioning
• Controlling an animals or persons behavior by
  attaching an old response to a new stimulus.
• Terms Reflexes, stimulus, response, conditioned,
  and unconditioned

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Reflexes

• All animals, including humans, are born with a
  limited set of reflexes--genetically wired-in
  responses to specific environmental stimuli. A
  reflex is a relationship between a specific
  environmental event (a stimulus, or S) and a
  fixed behavioral action (a response, or R) that
  it evokes.

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Stimulus (S)

• A. Anything that can be sensed by an animal.
• B. Can be external or internal
• C. Examples - red light
• -buzzing sound
• -itch on bottom of foot
• -psychology test
• (Anything that is possible to become aware of)

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Response (R)

• A. a behavior of an animal
• B. simple - step , sneezing or blinking an eye.
• Complex- studying for a psychology exam

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Conditioned (C)

• - Anything that has been learned.
• -A response that has been learned

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Unconditioned (UC)

• A. Reponses to specific stimuli which do not
  need to be learned.
• B. Reflex or functions of the autonomic nervous
  system.
• C. Examples -sneezing
• - pulling away from painful stimulus
• - groping and grasping

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Pavlovs Experiment
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Before Conditioning

• A. Present a Tone (NS)
• (Neutral Stimulus)
• B. Does not produce response of salivation.

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Before Conditioning

• A. Present Meat (UCS)
• (Unconditioned Stimulus)
  
• B. Produces Salivation (UCR)
• (Unconditioned Response)

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During Conditioning

• Present Tone (CS)
• Meat (UCS)
• Salivation(UCR)

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After Conditioning

• Presenting Tone (CS)
• Results in Salivation (CR)
• Conclusion
• A Reflex Response (UCS) can be attached to a
  previously neutral stimulus creating a
  conditioned stimulus(CS).

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General Principles of Classical Conditioning

• Generally occurs gradually.
• Pavlov tried different positioning of (NS) with
  (UCS)
• NS Before UCS
• NS After UCS
• Simultaneous Conditioning (NS UCS at the same
  time)

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• The best result was with presenting the NS ½
  second before the UCS
• Pavlov also noted that the more frequent the
  pairing of the NS and UCS, the stronger the
  conditioning.

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Generalization

• A response to a stimulus similar to the original
  conditioned stimulus without training.

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Discrimination

• Trained to respond to similar stimuli differently.

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Extinction

• If CS and UCS are not continuously attached, CR
  will eventually fade.

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Spontaneous Recovery

• A weakened CR to a previously learned CS after a
  period of extinction.

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Lab

• The Dog Work of Classical Conditioning