Yunying%20Chen

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Education for All-including disabilities

• Chinese Endeavor
• Yunying Chen
• China National Institute for Education Research

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Inclusive Education

• From World Perspectives
• Defining Inclusive Education
• Inclusion In Chinese Context

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Inclusive Education In World Perspectives

• The Convention Right of Children
• Education- the right of all children
• -the obligation of all governments

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World Agenda

• The World Conference on Education for All-1990,
  Thailand
• The Harbin Declaration for Children with Special
  Needs-1993, China (Asian Action)
• The Salamanca Statement Framework of Action on
  Special Needs Education-1994, Spain
• World Education Forum-2000, Dakar

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World Education Forum

• Ensuring access to quality education- for the
  most marginalized children
• Enrich early child care and learning
• Reach excluded children
• Enhance girls education
• Improve education quality
• Restore education in emergency

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Defining Inclusive Education
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Who were excluded

• Girls
• Ethnic minorities
• Working children
• Children affected by disabilities, violence,
  conflict and HIV/AIDS
• Must be included

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Inclusive Education

• sharing the notion in many terms
• different definition applied in different country
  

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Terms for Inclusive Education

• Integration Integrated Education
• Mainstreaming Inclusion
• Inclusive Education
• Interactive Education (UK)
• Responsive Education (UK)

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Terms for Inclusive Education

• Regular School Initiatives (USA)
• First Generation Inclusion (USA)
• Second Generation Inclusion (USA)

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Inclusion

• The practice of providing education to a student
  with disabilities within the general education
  classroom, with the supports and accommodations
  needed by that student

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Mainstreaming

• The practice of providing a student with
  disabilities with some portion of his or her
  education in a general education classroom

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Integration

• This term is used in a variety of ways within the
  literature, may mean either inclusion or
  mainstreaming. The context of the discussion
  determines its meaning.

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Inclusion In Chinese Context

• Statistics
• Mandates
• Evolutions
• Stages
• Changes

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Inclusive Education

• Physical integration (Sitting)
• Social integration (Confusing)
• Educational integration (Learning)
• Learning in the Regular Classroom ????(China)

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Inclusion means educational integration

• In Chinese integration is named as Sui Ban Jiu Du
• ? is following or going
• ? is classroom
• ? is to
• ? is reading or learning

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From Exclusion to Inclusion

• The history of special Education started in 1880
• Before 1960
• Special Education was a welfare system
• provided by religious institutes or private
  sectors

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From Exclusion to Inclusion

• In the 60
• China took all the private institutes back to the
  government
• special education became the public education

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From Exclusion to Inclusion

• In the 80-providing education services to
  everyone
• national movement for Compulsory Education
• to universalize basic education
• to provide education for all children
• Including education to all children with special
  needs

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Inclusion plus quality Learning

• In the 90
• Promoting quality education for all
• Curriculum changes for ultimate potential
• Child centered learning environment
• Respect and Cater individual needs
• Value individual initiatives and creativities
• Zero rejection and start from age zero

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The socialists mind

• Education right is human right
• Human right is equal right

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National Survey of 1987

• 577 special school, serve 1 of the special needs
• Casual integration was almost 55
• Homebound, welfare institution 44

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Education for all Children with Special Needs

• the answer is open the door of all schools
• 1 million primary school to take in 6 million
  children
• If it is too many? One school for 6 children !

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Government actions for Inclusion
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Legislation and Regulations

• The Compulsory Education Act, 1986
• The Law on Protection of the Disabled Person,
  1992
• The Guidelines for the Development of Special
  Education, 1988
• The Regulation of Special Education, 1993

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Legislation and Regulations

• The Guidelines for Classroom Integration,1994
• Goals of Special Education Within the Framework
  of The Eighth National Five-years-plan, 1991-95
• ------Ninth National Five-years-plan, 1996-2000
• Year 2001, the third national congress for
  special education
• ------- the Tenth National Five-years-plan,
  2001-2005

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Mandates-First National Congress (1988)

• To inform and to educate the public about the
  disabled persons.
• To mandate the setting aside of a national fund
  for special education
• To re-enforce program implementation- national
  objectives and regional targets

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Mandates (1988)

• Regular schools as the main body for education
  provision
• Special schools as resource centers
• Alternatives for teacher education in supporting
  changes
• Establishing national institutes for research,
  teacher training, and materials development.

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Stages of Evolution
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Stages -1

• 1. Investigation of the needs of children with
  disabilities
• 2. National Congress for consensus of policy and
  actions
• 3. Pilot study
• 4. Annual conference in promoting effective
  practices

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Stage -2

• 5. Various alternatives in empowering teacher
• 6. Monitoring program by The National Guideline
  on Integration
• 7. National project for organizational change
• whole school action, whole district action

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Stage -3

• 8. Program evaluation of Effectiveness Quality
  
• 9. Special School reform for integration
• 10. Development of Indicators of Integration
• 11. Information exchange on internet

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Educational Reform for Inclusive Education
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Responsible Implementation - successful
integration

• A general consensus for educational changes
• Strategy plan
• Step by step
• Aim big start small
• Making thing happen
• Long term monitoring and continue endeavor

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Organizational behavior- encourage progress

• Team work
• Sector-wide collaboration- Education, Health,
  Civil Affair,CWF,CFDP.
• sharing responsibility
• sharing resources
• case study

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Restructuring Education

• Regular programs is the main body in education
  provision for children with special needs
• Special schools , special classes, other forms of
  programs are resources and alternatives in
  supporting Inclusion

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Schools Changes

• School policy encouraging integration
• Select best and qualified teacher
• Reduce the class size
• Teacher appraisal in favor of inclusion
• Additional salary pension (15) and promotion

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Building Supportive System

• Policy Change for Inclusion
• Resources Center to support Inclusion
• School Development and management
• Whole school approach
• School curriculum team

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Special School as Resource Center

• In-service teacher training
• Parental guidance and counseling
• Assessment of childrens learning needs
• Supportive services to regular classroom teaching

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Rooms for Improvement

• Teacher Education slow in response
• 10 year behind school practices
• Quality education
• Excellence and Competition
• Curriculum Accountability
• Getting things parent pay for
• Re-allocation of educational resources

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End Notes
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Three types of educational organization

• One tract education system
• Two tracts education system
• Multiple tracts education system

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Inclusive Education Reached Policy Making Agenda

• Every country declared a policy of integration
• UNESCO study-1995
• 3/4 of countries had such a policy
• UNESCO study- 1988

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Inclusive education -Salamanca Statement (1994)

• Is perceived as the most effective means of
• Combating discriminatory attitudes
• Creating welcoming communities
• Building an inclusive society
• Achieving education for all

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Thank You Very Much for Joining Me

• China National Institute for Education Research
• Special Education Division
• China Online for the Special Needs
• Chinese Journal of Special Education
• Please visit us at
• www.specialneeds.org.cn
• www. COSN.NET