Auditory Displays

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Auditory Displays

• Brian Wotring

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• Brock, Stroup Ballas, 2002
• Bronkhorst, 1996
• Nelson Bolia
• Bolia, Angelo McKinley, 1999

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Main ideas

• High workload environments tend to rely on the
  visual system
• Possible chance of overload
• Information theory
• Introduce auditory display that takes some of the
  load off of the visual system
• Wickens multiple resource theory
• When used together, may reduce reaction time to
  locate target

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Brock, Stroup Ballas, 2002

• Multi-Modal workstation (MMWS)
• Tasks
• Identify radar target (hostile, neutral, unknown)
  (Left)
• Identify track number (Left)
• Track target via joystick (Right)
• 3-D auditory display
• Localize targets

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Brock, Stroup Ballas, 2002

• Results
• Using two different monitors increased response
  times
• Inclusion of auditory display reduced response
  times
• When using separate displays (other than just
  one) response time decreased more with use of
  auditory displays
• Benefit of auditory displays on multiple screens
• Tracking error increased when using multiple
  screens

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Bronkhorst, 1996

• Previous method for creating 3-D audio in
  headphones
• Uses a head-related transfer function
• Frequency manipulations
• Different frequencies are attenuated based on
  location
• High freq behind you
• Sounds are then fed into digital filters (one for
  each ear)
• Then into the ear canal
• Lack of head movement creates cones of
  confusion
• Areas where sounds cannot be localized well

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Bronkhorst, 1996

• Cone of confusion

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Bronkhorst, 1996

• New way of 3-D sound generation
• Used individualized head-related transfer
  functions
• Used 967 angles of incoming sound
• Used dynamic transformation of sound at 30 hz
  rate
• Allowed movement of head

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Bronkhorst, 1996

• Fighter jet simulation
• High need for situational awareness
• High need for localization of targets
• Warning signal pulsed at 250 hz between 60 and 70
  db

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Bronkhorst, 1996

• Task
• Participants followed target aircraft
• Target would disappear and reemerge in another
  location several times per trial
• Goal was to relocate and follow target
• IVs
• Visual display or visual and auditory displays
• DVs
• Search time, subjective workload

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Bronkhorst, 1996

• Results

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Bronkhorst, 1996

• Possible problem
• Ambiguity of directional auditory information
• May have increased search times
• Participants rolled aircraft to help localize
  sound better
• Best outcome
• 3-D auditory displays with radar displays (up to
  15 faster than auditory alone)

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Nelson Bolia
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